Multiculturalism And School Music Education Education Essay

Before get bringing down to talk about Macaus music guidance, the general history foundation ought to be presented abdominal muscle initio. Macau lies on the western side of the Pearl River Delta opposite Hong Kong, which is to the E, encompassing Guangdong state toward the North and standing up to the South China Sea to the E and South. The whole nation of Macau is about 29.5 kilometers and the populace is around 544,000. ( Macau Yearbook 2007, 475 ) The historical backdrop of Macau can be followed back to the Qin Dynasty ( 221-206 BC ) , Macau was under the lawful intensity of Panyu area at the clasp. Between the mature ages 1368 and 1644, under the Ming Dynasty, anglers moved to Macau from Guangdong and Fujian states. Thusly, Macau was a typical angling modest community before the coming to of Portuguese. Macau was a previous Portuguese settlement, and was both the first and last European settlement in China each piece great. Since the Portuguese showed up in the sixteenth Century, Macau began to be created as a significant state. In 1535, Lusitanian bargainers got the rights to ground sends in Macau ‘s seaports and to move out exchanging exercises, however non the option to stay coastal. ( Fung, 1999 ) In 1887, Macau turned into a settlement of the Portuguese imperium and its sway moved to the Portuguese. Macau got one of two specific regulatory pieces of the People ‘s Republic of China ( the other being Hong Kong ) in 1999. Under the strategy of â€Å" one state, two frameworks † , the Chinese specialists is answerable for the area ‘s safeguard and remote individual businesss, while Macau keeps up its ain legitimate framework, constabulary power, monetary framework, imposts strategy, and in-movement policy.The Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration and the Basic Law of Macau specify that Macau works with a high evaluation of freedom until at any rate 2049, fifty mature ages after the handover. Macau takes an interest in numerous universal associations and occasions that do non require individuals to have national power. Macau ‘s financial framework is reliant generally on touristry and risking which make up around 50 % of the monetary framework. In impossible to miss, risking in Macau was legitimized by the Lusitanian specialists from the 1850s, and Macau has been known as the â€Å" Monte Carlo of the Orient † since so. It is advantageous to see that a large portion of the visitants originate from Mainland China and Hong Kong. Along these lines, it tends to be presumed that the Macau ‘s financial framework generally relies upon Mainland China and Hong Kong. The number of inhabitants in Macau is comprise of 95 % Chinese, includeing Cantonese and Hakka. The remaining 5 % outsiders which incorporates Portuguese, Nipponese and Philippine individuals. ( Result of 2011 populace nose tally. 11 ) Therefore, various social gatherings and sole history foundation structure Macau as a multicultural society, and such wonder exists in wherever. The main case is the various semantic correspondences. The authority etymological correspondences are Lusitanian and Cantonese Chinese, and there are 40 % and 1.5 % of the populace in Macau can go on through Mandarin and English, severally. In add-on, Hokkien and the Creole Macanese phonetic correspondence other than exist. Besides, the second representation might be the celebrations. Not just should the Lunar Chinese New Year be one of the most significant celebrations in Macau, however next to the Christmas might be commended, each piece good.2. Macau ‘s guidance in pioneer period.In the sixteenth cent ury, the specialists clung to the guidance arrangement of Portugal and pretty much all the instructive occasions were administered by the Catholic ministers in Macau. In 1572, the Jesuit ministers built up a school in Macau, taking to learn kids and the adults who were happy to be a Christian evangelist ( Li and A ; Choi, 2000 ) . Besides, in 1594, the principal Western college was established in Macau by the Jesuits, which guarantees the rubric of the main Western college in the Far East ( Li, 2001 ) . Such situation other than occurred in different settlements at a similar clasp. In 1599, the Jesuits changed their school initially established for the Indians into universities for bearing in expansive humanistic orders ( Havighurst and A ; Moreira, 1965 ) . From the sixteenth to nineteenth century, with the exception of an undersized figure of children from rich family units who could connect with private educators, a massive entirety of childs were instructed simply by sermonizers. For representation, an essential degree school named the St. Rose of Lima School was built up in 1692, which focused to learn fundamental perusing, making, Portuguese, Latin, French and English to kids who originate from dejected family units. ( Silva, 1998 ) To summarize, there were extremely barely any proportions of elementary schools existed at that cut. In the mid of nineteenth century, the specialists paid additionally taking care of Macau ‘s guidance so as to unite the Lusitanian situation in Macau. Li and A ; Choi ( 2000 ) bring up that the Macau pilgrim specialists built up the main Portuguese grade school in 1847 and oversaw by diocesan ministers. The principal Lusitanian Government auxiliary school was established in the 1893 and oversaw by the specialists. In the twentieth century, with the feasting improvement of Macau ‘s guidance, a progression of occupations were other than uncovered. The political administrative demonstrations of Macau was separated from everyone else because of the around 50 decennaries ‘ settlement by Portuguese. Such alone sculptures has now and again been considered as an outcome of the inconsistency among Chinese and Lusitanian authoritiess, and was other than be affected by the sole mode in which Portuguese sway had been done locally. Franco Nogueira, who was the Portuguese Foreign Minister, closed the situation in 1966 as follows: â€Å" aë†â ¦ We have ne'er been truly independent over Macau ; we have ever outlived out of China ‘s great kindness, and approval has ever been imparted to them. † ( Nogueira, 1966 ) , viz. there was limitation of Lusitanian power over Macau. Rosa ( 1990 ) other than calls attention to that such situation other than occurred in neighborhood guidance framework during the 1980s. The specialists ‘s strategy could non adhere to the step of the guidance improvement in Macau. Considerably more, there were extremely barely any understudies: just 5 for each centum of Macau ‘s student populace, study in the government funded schools. In institutional footings, on the one manus, the gigantic mass guidance divisions were private Chinese conduit schools and which held around 85 % . On the different manus, there were simply 15 % schools in Macau were government-run. At the end of the day, the guidance in Macau had various frameworks, and both of the private and specialists schools were â€Å" battling to run into the Territory ‘s requests †however scarcely wining in making so. † ( Rosa, 1990 ) Because of the insufficiency of appropriate association and backing, the arrangement of Macau ‘s guidance was incredibly founded on related states and nations, for example, Hong Kong, the People ‘s Republic of China, the United Kingdom and Portugal. Such dependance can be seen from the course of study and the substance. Be that as it may, the impersonation and dependance may non run into the interest of Macau itself. The ground may be that the Macau ‘s alone history and human progress foundation may non be entirely same as different states or nations. Rosa ( 1990 ) accepts that there were a few deformities in the nation of human and physical assets. First of entirely, the nonappearance of the accessible guidance material may be a genuine activity in Macau. For case, the educator/understudy proportion was exceptionally high at the pre-essential level of private Chinese watercourse[ 1 ]school in 1988 ( 1/45 ) . Second, scholastic creation of the school personnel was inadmissible. There were only 54 % of the educators had acknowledged learning arrangement or keep guidance grade ; actually, 34 % of the teachers may just finish auxiliary school. In footings of the physical asset, the tuition based schools at any point experienced congestion in schoolroom and shortage of learning hardware. Be that as it may, there had been a few favorable circumstances in Macau ‘s guidance. Blending to the examination from Rosa, the time of a large portion of the learning material in Macau was under 50 ( which was around 84 % ) ; in addition, 62 % of educators were between 20 to 39. Clearly, the youthful educator may be extremely useful to show signs of improvement of the pickle at that cut. In add-on, during the 1980s, the tuition based schools, which involved a colossal whole of the schools in the Territory, inadequacy of appropriate mediation and backing from the specialists, taking to a group of Macau ‘s family units being not able to pay charges for school and the expanded pace of dropout. Subsequently, the specialists endorsed the Law No. 11/77/M on October 22 1977 thus some monetary guides was set out dependent on it. The donees of such guide incorporated the exclusive school, their school personnel and the students. First of entirely, the financial guide assisted the guidance foundations with regenerating gear and remodel plants. Second, educators got specialists overabundance aid so as to advance them through the Government Order No. 199/85 out of 1985. Third and the most altogether, tonss of the students, even non every one of them, got appropriations from the specialists, which non just eased the family unit accounts burden, however next to decreased the dropout rate which was profoundly high. In any case, the financial guide may non enough to run into the interest of the advancement of Macau ‘s guidance. For outline, the students ‘ recompense only involved around 40 % of mean tutoring expenses, viz. Macau did non hold free broad guidance at that cut and may non achieve the finish of value of guidance. Moreover, fitting to Rosa ( 1990 ) , there was a Chinese waterway educators creating class supported by Macau Education De

Trip to Tadoba Tiger Reserve Free Essays

string(121) By this time we additionally discovered that the Hyderabad bunch had run into substantial downpours and awful climate prompting moderate progress. CITY TIGERS MEETING THEIR COUNTRY COUSIN This meet started with me and my sibling continuing to Mumbai air terminal for our first trip to the orange city Nagpur. Not long after looking into the flight we got with group bhpian and member in the workshop (sachin. sri) Sachin Shrivastava. We will compose a custom paper test on Excursion to Tadoba Tiger Reserve or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now He was at that point in the city on authentic work and we found our particular advantages on the discussion. We had a smooth flight and as guided by Dr. Abheek via telephone we met our taxi come to get us from the air terminal. We found that it was sprinkling in Nagpur and this hosed our spirits a piece believing that untamed life spotting would be troublesome in unremitting precipitation. We continued to the beginning stage where we were to meet different members from Nagpur. The fact of the matter was Hotel Turning Point at Laxmi Chowk. Here Wild Cats part Mr. Sachet and the proprietor of Turning Point Mr. Amol welcomed us heartily. Mr. Amol offered us a luxurious breakfast and some intriguing stories of untamed life with regards to the edges of Nagpur. Exceptionally soon another Wild Cat part Mr. Chinmay Deshpande went along with us. Curiously he was a functioning snake rescuer for Nagpur and he had a bagful of snakes to be discharged in the wild during our excursion. Sachin was frightened and somewhat frightened by the nearness of such a significant number of venomous and non-venomous snakes around. We were stunned and energized and attempt to console Sachin. We had just because such a nearby experience with snakes. Under the nearby direction of Chinmay we were even ready to deal with a non-venomous snake the knickknack snake without any problem. It was so wonderful to hold the snake. In our grasp the snake appeared to be a velvet rope. It is miserable that even before thinking a lot about snakes I had a biased dread of such wonderful animals. Chinmay properly clarified that snakes have no feeling and on the off chance that we people keep up our separation and exercise alert and satisfactory safety measure while communicating with them there is no motivation behind why we can't exist together with the most venomous of snakes. Having said that he additionally clarified that the most experienced of handlers have been nibbled distinctly by either their heedlessness or arrogance. In a matter of moments Doc. (Dr. Abheek Ghosh) flew in. True to form he was a heap of vitality and energized the effectively energized bundle. Meeting him just because I need to state the mustache suits him well, similar to the stubbles of a wildcat. He had some news. The group from Hyderabad had missed their overnight train and had since continued via vehicle. They would meet us legitimately at Tadoba. One more of the organizer Mr. Akash Kothe additionally went along with us. We all wrapped up the morning meal meet and continued to our mentor, which was with us for the whole outing. The mentor had a pennant of Wild Cats in the front, which was looking exceptionally able for the event. As we were getting into the mentor we could see our host Amol likewise getting into the state of mind and needing to go along with us for the excursion. Anyway as had some unavoidable work in the city he was unable to go along with us. We bade him farewell and continued to Tadoba. Sachin was getting anxious with such a significant number of snakes going along with us in the mentor albeit secure in their separate containers. We as a whole kidded this would be â€Å"SNAKES IN THE COACH† Indian rendition of the acclaimed Hollywood movie† SNAKES IN THE PLANE†. This made Sachin even more nervous and he attempted to make himself agreeable as distant from the snakes as could be expected under the circumstances. Be that as it may, at each yank and each pothole he would argue Chinmay to check if all the snakes were secure. The whole excursion of around 5 hours because of awful streets after Jam was not really felt due the relentless talk among us all. It was striking that inspite of our fluctuating foundations and ages we as a whole gelled in a matter of seconds. This goes to shows that energy is irresistible and knows no obstruction. In the mentor Doc offered us an Audio Video narrative by Vidya Atreya on creature human clash in Western Maharashtra and how it was influencing the panther specifically. I had just perused up some material on her work and research as sent to us before by Doc. Doc likewise enlighted us on the work done by her on protection and human panther peace promotion. We were so charmed in our conversations and running low on time that we had avoided ending for lunch anyplace enroute. As we approached crossed Chandrapur we were disheartened to see quarries for coal mining all around with gigantic loads of spent mud lying all around like little slopes. Doc educated us that in spite of the fact that Chandrapur was one of the most dirtied zones of our nation due to the coalmines and warm plants the tigers were flourishing in the woodlands of Tadoba. We arrived at the Moharli Gate of Tadoba haven at the stroke of four, which was likewise the end time for passage into the asylum. At the door the wanderers were prepared hanging tight for us as masterminded by Doc. Here we likewise met another of Doc’s dear companions Mr. Indraneel Pal and his companion Gaurav. Indraneel Pal was by calling a temporary worker for the Cement Mills around yet by heart he was an enthusiastic creature sweetheart. His inside and out information on creature conduct by and large and the tiger specifically was astonishing. We discovered that he was an ordinary guest to Tadoba, now and then 2-3 times each week. He was to Tadoba what Doc is to Pench. Doc had a brilliant affinity with him and he also greeted us wholeheartedly. I was struck by his quietude and energy towards the woodland and its occupants. It was an extraordinary delight and benefit to go through two days in his organization. At this point we likewise discovered that the Hyderabad bunch had run into substantial downpours and terrible climate prompting moderate advancement. You read Outing to Tadoba Tiger Reserve in class Papers Enroute an area of the roadway was washed away and they were confronting a barrier in the alternate route because of some vehicle breakdown. In light of current circumstances they would not have the option to make it to Tadoba before dusk. All of us choose to continue for the night Safari. The sights and hints of the timberland agreeably astonished city occupants like us. Tadoba is known to all, for the sound populace of tigers inside it however it was likewise extremely intriguing to watch the wide assortment of winged creatures and bugs inside the hold. Photographs will recount to the story here. We promptly recognized a little crowd of sambar deer and a singular wild pig. In some time we arrived at the center (hattori) door. As required passage conventions were being done, Doc asked his man Friday (Sanjay) to serve poha parcels to us all. At this point our stomachs had started thundering due go hunger having skipped lunch before. The poha was tasty and warm in the foil pack. Obviously doc had made some calls from the mentor as we were approaching Tadoba. Indraneel happened to reveal to us that in the first part of the day similarly as he entered the hold he recognized a panther extremely near the passageway door. This uplifted the fervor for us. He and doc disclosed to us that enormous predators like the tiger consistently mark the limits of their region to feature their quality to their adversaries and console the females. What's more, during rainstorm because of washing ceaselessly of their aroma markings by the downpour, they need to continue stamping all the more as often as possible and because of which the odds of recognizing the tiger is better. Both he and doc were very tuned to the different hints of the wilderness and could promptly make us aware of calls made by the sambar and a few winged animals as they imparted to pass on the development of the tiger/panther. This gave us some sign of the development of these predators a good ways off. It additionally gave us a thought regarding how troublesome it was for these predators to chase when their quality could be handily parted with by the caution call of the langur, a flying creature or some deer. In these environmental factors we effectively lost feeling of time. Very soon it was getting dim and the guide educated us that the time had come to go to the exit. We were starting to appreciate the experience and began to head back with overwhelming sadness. At that point the wanderer we were voyaging unexpectedly separated. We got charmed reasoning this gave us an ideal reason to legitimize our deferral to the leave door and experience the nightfall in the woodland. In any case, this joy didn't keep going long as exceptionally soon another tramp of our gathering that went along gave us a lift to the center (Hattori) door. Now Doc â€Å"insisted† on remaining with the separated vagabond and it’s driver till it could be brought till the leave point. We all wished to assume Doc’s position with the goal that we could likewise encounter some piece of the night in the wilderness, yet it was not to be. We wished Doc karma and continued to the Hattori Gate. There the authorities were miffed with us for the deferral. On learning of the breakdown they offered a stopgap towrope and sent this tramp back to tow our separated wanderer. Doc more likely than not reviled his karma to see help coming so quick. When the wanderer was towed into the Hattori door we continued to the Moharli leave entryway. Enroute we were trusting that the towrope snaps and we get postponed further. Yet, too bad none of that occurred. In some time we arrived at the leave entryway. The authorities here were vexed, as we had shown up route past the end time. Fortunately Doc and Indraneel being regulars there by one way or another figured out how to placate them, however brought to the table some composed clarification and pay some fine. We went to the MTDC resort with such a significant number of stories to reveal to one another. In transit Chinmay disclosed to us that once we sink into our rooms we have to take care of the cobra on a frog, which could be effectively observed croaking around, as it may be eager. We settled in our rooms spruced up and before long got out to find a frog utilizing our electric lamps. Sachin true to form wouldn't have anything to do with the snakes. Understanding his dread we disregarded him. Fortunately we figured out how to get o

The Difficulty With Data

The Difficulty With Data Over the last few weeks Ive posted entries about diversity vs merit and the holistic admissions process. And while I hope that these entries have contributed some insight into how and why we do the things we do, one complaint in the comments on those entries was about a lack of data to accompany and support the claims I had made. As one commenter put it: MIT should release the full set of admissions data stripped of personally identifying information and let the community analyze it, because in the scientific community we trust data and analysis, not assertions. So lets discuss admissions data. First, Id like to say that Im a huge fan of statistics. I read 538 and Football Outsiders every day. When it comes to baseball Im a converted sabremetrician. In the natural world, I believe in the scientific method, which is to say I believe in data-driven analyses of phenomena, empirical evidence, and testable hypothesis as the best, and sometimes only, route to understanding most things which occur in our universe. But there is a problem with social science, and that problem is this: sometimes, you dont have all of the data, either because it is unavailable to you, or because something cant be captured. And then, if you try to build a model based on these incomplete data, you are liable to draw conclusions consistent with the data but descriptively incorrect. At its most basic form, its a variant of  post hoc ergo propter hoc after this, therefore because of this. The rooster crows, then the sun rises; all hail the befeathered Sun King! In more complex forms, its a very subtle misattribution of traits based on the ontologies used to characterize them, which begets an epistomelogical crisis: what do we measure and how do we measure it? Is the trait thus measured determinative or merely descriptive? And so forth. But lets back away from the analytical theory for a moment and ground what Im saying in some concrete examples. Heres another comment from my diversity vs merit post about SAT scores: This pretty much sums it up: SAT Math 750-800 15% 700-740 10% 650-690 5% From what you wrote youd think being in the 700-740 range and being in the 750-800 range doesnt have much impact on your chance of admission, but theres a 50% difference. Now, I and others are on the record as saying that we admit people, not test scores, and that in any case there is really not a difference in our process between someone who scores, say, a 740 on the SAT math, and someone who scores an 800 on the SAT math. So why, as the commentor asks, is there such a difference in the admit rate? Aha! Clearly we DO prefer higher SAT scores! Well no, we dont. What we prefer are things which may coincide with higher SAT scores. For example, a student who receives a gold medal at the IMO is probably more likely to score an 800 on the math SAT than a 740. But if we take an IMO medalist (with an 800) over random applicant X (with a 740), does that mean we preferred an 800 to a 740? No. It means we preferred the IMO medalist, who also happened to get an 800! The same goes for people who are highly ranked in their graduating class. Almost half of the class of 2015 were valedictorians of their high school. Aha! MIT must highly value class rank in our application!  No, we dont. Then why does this happen? Because we do highly value certain academic accomplishments, and if you are doing well enough academically to achieve these things, then you are probably doing pretty well in high school. Additionally, we highly value strong letters of recommendation, and often teachers strongly support students who really blow them away academically. So we select for these other traits and end up, as a side effect, with a disproportionate number of valedictorians. But its not because theyre valedictorians that we select them, but rather that because of the things for which we select they are valedictorians. Or, to  paraphrase a line from Llewellyn: being a valedictorian isnt the reason for the decision; its the result of factors which were reason for the decision. You see what happens here. Its correlation misdiagnosed as causation, and then interpreted through a particular narrative frame to conform (and confirm) to prior expectations. This  happens all the time in shoddy social science. And it inevitably occurs with whatever data we do release. If we released admit rate by state, it would be:  The admit rate for students from Wisconsin went up 2%, MIT must really want applicants from Wisconsin! When the reality would be much closer to: we took whom we wanted to take, and they were from Wisconsin. Was Wisconsin considered in a complex ecology of decisionmaking? To some degree, yes; thats what we mean when we say we read everything and have a contextual, holistic process. But was it a  determinative characteristic, one which could be separated out as a causal agent? Could Wisconsin be assigned a standard weight in a model of our decision process? Absolutely not. Whats happening here is a fundamental confusion between our admissions process and the results of that process. When we say that the admit rate for students with a 750-800 was 15%, it does not mean that the chances of a given applicant who scores between 750-800 if 15%. It means that those students whom we chose to admit included 15% of those who scored within the 750-800 range. Its a subtle distinction, but an important one in understanding the agency of admissions. Think of it as the difference between a living thing and its fossil. A fossil isnt the plant or animal itself: its the mineral imprint of the stuff thats left behind. Or think of it like a shadow. A shadow is not the thing which casts a shadow. Its the contours of where the light isnt. Thats how our admissions data work. It shows you where the decision wasnt. It shows you the shape of our decisions, not the basis on which they were made. Admissions data are an accretion of the the sediment which dropped to the bottom of the decisions delta, and not the moving river where the actual action happened. But Jurassic Park was a work of fiction, and just like you cant reanimate a velociraptor from its fossil, you cant understand the life of an applicant from the shadow of their data. This is why I hate chance threads so much. When an applicant says I have X SAT score and Y GPA, what are my chances to get into MIT its not a question I or anyone else can answer. Because, within certain bounds of sufficient academic preparation, the decision isnt made on these easily extracted and quantified points of data. The decision is about everything else. The response to this, of course, is well, so release the data on everything else! To which I ask: how? How can we meaningfully quantify how much a teacher supports a student? How can we meaningfully quantify that particularly poignant essay which shows a students resolve, or that particularly funny essay that makes us love their personality? Even if we did construct, ex nihilo, categorical cubbies to shove these interactions and experiences into, isnt that the same subjectivity wearing an objective mask? I dont think that Rate this applicants leadership from 1 to 5 is a particularly objective exercise just because we slapped a number in it. Trying to convert inherently subjective interpretations to objective quantities is like wearing fashionable glasses of an incorrect prescription: it may look hip, but all it ultimately does is cloud your vision. I understand that for the initial commentor and others this may be an unsatisfying explanation. MIT is a community which loves data, where people believe data can do anything, and where any explanation which undercuts the utility of data seems suspiciously unscientific. But Clay Shirky once gave a talk about how memes jokes, YouTube videos, lolcats, whatever spread through the Internet, and he said something to the effect that the physics of memes were more like the physics of weather than the physics of a falling object. We understand how things fall pretty well, and we can be pretty accurate in our understanding of when and where and how fast it will drop. But even though we have reams and reams of data about the weather, because of its utter complexity the best way to characterize what will happen the next day is often no better than partially cloudy with a chance of rain. Well, the physics of holistic admissions are akin to Shirkys idea of social weather. Based on easily apprehendable information, you might know roughly what the temperature (of an applicant) will be, and hazard a guess as to whether it will rain. But until all of the ingredients mix together in our admissions committees, like a storm forming over the gulf, you dont know upon whom a ray of sun will break through the clouds until it actually, finally happens.

Cyber Incident Response Plan For Cyber Attack - 1136 Words

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Competence in Counseling Essay - 1574 Words

Running head: Counseling A Comprehensive Profession Aspects Of Counseling Tearia Hill William Carey University Aspects of Counseling Abstract Counseling is the professional guidance in resolving personal conflicts and emotional problems. It is advice, opinion, or instruction given in direction the judgment or conduct of another. Knowing how to posses personal qualities such as maturity, empathy, warmth, understanding, and knowledge. From a legal stand point ethics, morality, and law must be strongly conformed. It is accurate decision-making, knowing appropriate words to use, and knowledge of the governing standards that is required. Also knowing accurate information about culture and ethnicity of the present society. Aspects†¦show more content†¦A good organizational personality trait of a counselor is their willingness to promote efficient case management techniques. Aspects of Counseling As an effective counselor one of the main qualities needed is patience. Go to the next step of explanation only when the patient has clearly understood the content of the information you have provided. Therefore the counselor needs to have enough sufficient time for the patient, and should also be a good listener. Let the patient express everything he/she has to say, and give your inputs once when the patient has finished talking. A counselor should be very observant and able to interpret non-verbal communication for example if the patient looks angry, and then find out the cause of his/her anger first. An effective counselor should provide non-possessive warmth in a counseling environment. Smile and show concern and acceptance by showing comfort, empathy, and understanding to the patient. Counselors should have good knowledge on the topic /problem like compliance to medication. Some people do not take medication for the same reasons, while others demand medication. Understanding the factors why people may not do certain activities at specific time will help you to assist them better. Try to understand the feelings the patient is having in the counseling process. In other words put yourself in his/her position. Give the patient the opportunity to makeShow MoreRelatedCultural Competence in Counseling1866 Words   |  8 PagesCultural competence and ethical responsibility of counselors is an issue that holds increasing importance. To be both multicultural and ethical is increasingly challenging. The population of the United States is changing quickly from a predominately white Caucasian society to an ethnically diverse society`. The Hispanic population, which represented only 9% of the population in 1990, is projected to increase to about 25% of the population by 2050 . The number of African Americans, Asian Americans/PacificRead MoreDeveloping Multicultural Counseling Competence : A Systems Approach1243 Words   |  5 Pagesconsidering concomitant issues related to classism, discuss the unique counseling challenges associated with each group. Support your assertions. Submit your thread by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Thursday of Module/Week 2. Submit your replies by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Sunday of Module/Week 2. Hays, D. G., Erford, B. T. (2014). Developing multicultural counseling competence: A systems approach (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Pearson. In counseling there are many factors to consider. The United States is one of theRead MoreThe Education Commission (1964-66), While Lamenting On1430 Words   |  6 Pagesand counseling including vocational placement, among student services. It stressed ‘guidance and counseling programme which would assist the students in the choice of courses, indicate the links of remedial action and help in dealing with emotional and psychological problems, should be an integral part of the educational facilities provided in institutions of higher education’. Guidance and counseling have three-fold functions: adjustment, orientation and development. Guidance and counseling areRead MoreThe Definition Of Multicultural Competence873 Words   |  4 PagesThe definition of multicultural competence means in part to approach the counseling process from the context of the personal culture of the client (Sue, Arrendondo McDavis, 1994; Sue Sue, 2007). Professional ethics compel counselors to ensure that their cultural values and biases do not override those of the client (ACA, 2005). The presenters shared personal examples of their individual cultures and how these impacted their personal and professional lives, including their professional self-awarenessRead MoreThe Ethical Issues Of Cultural Competence1406 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: CULTURAL COMPETENCE 1 Cultural Competence April Culberson Ethics in Psychology/PSY430 CULTURAL COMPETENCE 2 Abstract In this paper we will be using the â€Å"Course Case Study† to describe the ethical issues to cultural competence, we will look at the influence of personalRead MoreCode of Ethics Essay1288 Words   |  6 Pagestwo specific associations: the American Counseling Association (ACA) and the American Association of Christian Counselors (AACC). The purpose of this paper is to discuss both the similarities as well as differences of these two organizations and their standards of ethics. 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Asperger Syndrome 3 Free Essays

Asperger syndrome is an autism spectrum disorder and is considered a high functioning form of Autism. Autism spectrum disorders are also known as pervasive developmental disorders and can affect social skills and communication. Asperger syndrome can also delay the development of motor skills and cause sensory problems. We will write a custom essay sample on Asperger Syndrome 3 or any similar topic only for you Order Now While there is no cure for Asperger syndrome, there are treatments to help teach the skills affected by Asperger to patients to help them cope with the disorder. Research is currently being conducted to find the causes of Asperger syndrome and other effective treatment methods. The symptoms of Asperger syndrome are caused by delays in several areas of development such as social skills, communication skills, motor skills, and language skills. Patients with Asperger syndrome can become over-focused on a single topic or object and will want to know everything about the topic and will talk very little about anything else. Their areas of interest may be extremely narrow and they will often rattle off facts about their topic of interest with no conclusion or connection to conversation (Asperger Syndrome-PubMed Health). Asperger patients also exhibit social awkwardness and have trouble forming relationships. Eye contact, use of facial expressions, and body language are impaired in patients and can inhibit regulation of social interaction. Patients may also lack emotional empathy and the ability to recognize social cues (OASIS @ MAAP – What Is Asperger Syndrome? . Speech may have a lack of rhythm, odd inflection, or a monotone pitch in patients with Asperger syndrome. They may also lack the control to match the volume of their voice to their surroundings (Asperger Syndrome Fact Sheet). Asperger syndrome patients may show delays in motor development and exhibit unusual physical behaviors such as repetitive arm flapping, twisting, or other whole body movements (Asperger Syndrome – PubMed Healt h). Asperger syndrome is very difficult to diagnose. People with Asperger syndrome often function very well in everyday life, so the signs and symptoms exhibited are often just recognized as â€Å"quirks† or a way of just being different. If a child exhibits any symptoms of Asperger syndrome, it is extremely important to seek the help of a doctor and they will refer you to a mental health professional or a specialist for further evaluation. A â€Å"psychological exam† will be performed to compile a history of when the symptoms first apeared, the development of motor skills and language patterns, and other aspects of behavior and ersonality. The earlier an evaluation is conducted, the sooner treatments can be started to improve a child’s development with Asperger syndrome (Asperger Syndrome). Asperger syndrome has no cure, but with treatments and medications, many children with Asperger syndrome grow into well-developed, productive adults. The majority of diagnosed children benefit from specialized treatments that f ocus on social skills training and behavior management. Some of these treatments include communication and social skills training and cognitive behavioral therapy. There are no medications that specifically treat Asperger syndrome, but there are some medications that can help improve symptoms such as anxiety, depression, and hyperactivity including Aripiprazole, Guanfacine, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, Risperidone, Olanzapine, and Naltrexone (Staff, Mayo Clinic). Parent training is also helpful in continuing treatment at home and teaches parents techniques to be used at home to better their child’s development (Asperger Syndrome – PubMed Health). Research is currently being conducted to understand the causes of Asperger syndrome and to find more effective treatments. A study is currently being conducted using functional magnetic resonance imaging to show how abnormalities in particular areas of the brain can cause the symptoms of Asperger syndrome and autism spectrum disorders. There is also a large-scale study comparing neuropsychological and psychiatric assessments of children with possible diagnoses of Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism to those of their parents and sibling to try to identify any patterns of symptoms that link Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism to any specific neuropsychological profiles. A long-rang international study conducted by a collection of scientists from universities, academic centers, and institutions from around the world to collect and analyze DNA sample from children with Asperger syndrome and high-function autism, along with their families, to identify associated genes and how they interact. This study is better known as the Autism Genome Project and functions as a repository for genetic data so that researchers can try to find the genetic â€Å"building blocks† of Asperger syndrome an autism spectrum disorders (Asperger Syndrome Fact Sheet). Asperger syndrome is a high-functioning form of autism and is considered an autism spectrum disorder. It delays the development of many areas such as communication and social skills. Even though there is no cure for Asperger syndrome, with the right treatments and medications, most children with a diagnosis of Asperger syndrome and their families learn to cope with the symptoms of this disorder. Many adults with Asperger syndrome can develop to be happy, well-functioning, and productive adults with successful mainstream jobs and lead fulfilling independent lives with the right kind of treatment plans and support available to them. Works Cited â€Å"Asperger Syndrome – PubMed Health. † Web. 16 Oct. 2011. . â€Å"Asperger Syndrome Fact Sheet. † National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). Web. 16 Oct. 2011. . â€Å"Asperger Syndrome. † KidsHealth – the Web’s Most Visited Site about Children’s Health. Web. 16 Oct. 2011. . â€Å"OASIS @ MAAP – What Is Asperger Syndrome? † OASIS @ MAAP – The Online Asperger Syndrome Information and Support Center. Web. 16 Oct. 2011. . Staff, Mayo Clinic. â€Å"Asperger’s Syndrome – MayoClinic. com. † Mayo Clinic. Web. 16 Oct. 2011. . How to cite Asperger Syndrome 3, Papers

Le Bon and Freud Essay Example

Le Bon and Freud Essay Le Bon was of the opinion that when people joined large, relatively unstructured social groups, they sometimes engaged in spontaneous and atypical collective behaviour. Le Bon suggests that crowds are ruled by a collective mind, and that contagion causes crowd members to experience similar thoughts and emotions. Freud, on the other hand, argues that individuals, by joining crowds, can satisfy some basic needs for membership, hostility, and so on. Both of these theories are still popular today but lacking empirical evidence we strive to find more tangible theories that can be tested. Several theories have been developed since these accounts such as de-individuation, emergent norm theory and social identity theory and this essay will look at these theories and try to assess whether or not they are better than Le Bon and Freuds theories which lack any scientific basis. Le Bon, the author of The Crowd was writing during a time of incipient social progress when the masses were wreaking havoc across France. Being a member of the bourgeoisie this situation worried Le Bon and he wanted to cure the disorders brought about by the masses. He found the answer in psychology and the discovery of a crowd soul. Le Bon, in his work, rejected all three of the popular views of the time that the crowd was mad, criminal or antisocial and mainly inhabited by the people at the lower end of the social spectrum for the idea that a man, irrelevant of his social standing, once in a group would lose his personal characteristics and the personalities in the group would fuse together. We will write a custom essay sample on Le Bon and Freud specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Le Bon and Freud specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Le Bon and Freud specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The characteristics of the crowd are savagery, primitive and uncivilised because the individual is no longer acting consciously but unconsciously as the people are a collective mass. He described the collective state as being similar to that of a hypnotic state, an idea later harnessed by Freud. To merge into the collective state Le Bon cites the physical presence of the crowd as crucial and has developed from this his Law of the mental unity of crowds. The physical presence of others delivers anonymity giving the individual invincible power and takes away the persons sense of responsibility. His second idea is that, like a virus or bacteria, ideas, feelings and emotions spread rapidly throughout a crowd and individuals are quickly infected with the disease, this is the theory of contagion. Thirdly, theres the concept of suggestibility and happens when the crowd is in the collective state. This is open to exploitation when the person has lost his conscious personality and is open to all the suggestion that the crowd suggests. These three phenomenon release our animal nature and free us from social and moral constraints, what Le Bon calls latent processes. This perceived loss of self has developed into what later thinkers have called de-individuation. Le Bon sees the collective behaviour as primitive and devoid of reason or culture and links it to acting at the level of racial unconscious. Other psychologists have on the other hand proposed the idea that the collective mind is not necessarily as negative as Le Bon portrays believing the crowd to be capable of great acts of altruism and unselfishness. Many of the earlier social psychologists have coined similar ideas to Le Bon. Tarde for example sees physical closeness as crucial as social life of individual is based on imitation, similar to Le Bons anonymity idea. The close proximity of the crowd is therefore the most extreme example of this imitation behaviour. Mc Dougal takes the view that similarity between group members, predominantly constitutional and racial will determine how fast ideas spread through crowds, a theory of contagion. Trotter believed that humans behaved similarly to animals in that they were very open to the opinion of the leader. Freud, whose theory on crowds initiated from Le Bons places great emphasis on the role of the leader. Also writing during a time of political and social turbulence, Freud was hoping to understand the causes of the very real problems of the day namely anti-Semitic feeling and a tendency to follow demagogues who, to Freud, were obviously untrustworthy. Freud felt that suggestibility was still crucial and that it is an irreducible, primitive phenomenon. Freud, similarly to Le Bon, believed that psychic factors are crucial. The unconscious becomes unlocked and members of the crowd become bound by their love for the leader. The leader is usually a charismatic individual who may be perceived as a father figure. The Freudian model of the psyche, the id, ego and superego (sub-conscious, conscious and super-conscious) are all at play in the crowd situation. The superego, which represents moral and civilised aspects of the psyche, is renounced to the leader. This leaves the Id to dominate the mind resulting in primitive and uncivilised behaviour. The leader will provide a group ideal and the crowd will inevitably follow. Freud likens this leadership control to that of a hypnotist. The adoption of the new ideals causes the self to change dramatically and it shifts from individual self to a group self where all members can identify with each other. It would seem, having looked at the theories of Le Bon and Freud that they are very comprehensive nevertheless there are many criticisms that have been made of both of their theories. The most important criticism of both Freud and Le Bon is that they lack empirical evidence to support their proposals. Due to the nature of the theories we are unable to verify them, as access to the unconscious is impossible. Both men also describe the behaviour of the crowd as primitive but neither considers the often-unselfish nature of the crowd, a definite positive aspect. Le Bon has been criticised for cementing together ideas of other theories such as contagion and can be vague and of mediocre quality. A further criticism would be his biased interpretation of crowds. Le Bon sees the crowd as a force for social evil and incorporates his fascist ideology into his work. It is also evident that the social context in which he is writing also affects his objectivity and he talks of the revolution in a crude way. There are many aspects of Freuds work that are also vague. For instance, Freud sees the leader as fundamental to the changing of the individuals psyche to that of the group self but this theory is problematic insofar as not all crowds have leaders. Another loophole is that many people demonstrate the characteristics that Freud describes for being susceptible to crowds but do not, in practice, succumb to the crowd. From the basis of both Freud and Le Bon there have been many psychologists who have attempted to rectify the problems cited above and in doing so have developed theories of their own. The most obvious of these is the theory of de-individuation which has developed from Le Bon blueprint of anonymity. De-individuation means the loss of personal identity and many studies have been carried which support the theory. De-individuation differs from Le Bons theory in the way that the indiviaual isnt seen as losing the mind to the collective but that the loss of individuality leads to a total loss of control. This loss of control culminates in the release of the individual from internal moral restraints and generates behaviour that is impulsive, irrational, emotional, regressive and intense. Research by Festinger, Pepitone andNewcomb (1952) made small groups of subjects discusses their feelings towards their parents. They found that the less individual subjects viewed themselves and each other the more rash and daring were their contributions to the conversation. Singer, Brush and Lublin (1965) conducted a study where subjects had to talk about erotic literature. They found that those wearing lab coats and thus seen as non-identifiable used more obscene language than the more identifiable subjects. Both of these studies demonstrate that people, when de-individuated will behave differently and Singer attributed theses finding to reduced feelings of self-consciousness and distinctiveness. Le Bon (1985) went on to say that people would behave in more extreme ways in crowds because they lose their sense of identity. Zimbardo believes that the crowd provides a cloak of anonymity and diffuses personal responsibility for the consequences of an individuals actions. He details two types of behaviour, individuated, when behaviour is rational, controlled and consistent with personal norms and de-individuated behaviour, which acts on primitive impulses, is anti social, unrestrained. He believes that this behaviour is caused by being a member of a crowd or when wearing a uniform as loss of individual identity and a reduced concern for social evaluation. Zimbardo (1969) has carried out several experiments on de-individuation and anonymity. One experiment showed that de-individuated people (in this case they were dressed in lab coats and hoods) had a stronger tendency towards aggressive behaviour (e. . total duration of shocking was twice as much for the de-individuated group compared to the identifiable condition). Another experiment that Diener (1976) made in the same area was on a group of Belgian soldiers. However, the result was the reverse- the soldiers had a shorter shocking time than the normal people did. It has been said that this is due to the fact that the soldiers were already de-individuated before the test as they are already members of a group, the army. When they put on a lab coat and a hood (and away from their fellow soldiers) they suddenly became more self-aware than they were before. Diener believed that dressing up in these silly costumes might have made them more self-conscious rather then less. He sees the key to de-individuation as losing self-awareness. Further research observed more than a thousand children on Halloween. They found that those whod given their names to the householder or who wore costumes that didnt allow anonymity were less likely to steal sweets from the bowl when briefly left alone. Diener was concerned with how de-individuation came about. Anonymity doesnt directly lead to it because, as Hogg demonstrates, a bank robber is anonymous but yet very conspicuous. This conspicuousness is found more often in small groups or when there are many observers. Instead, Diener focused, as mentioned above, on self-awareness whereas previously focus of studies was on anonymity in the group and this was seen as the most important factor to de-individuation. Self-awareness means a person is the object of ones own attention particularly private self awareness which is reduced awareness of ones private thoughts and feelings. This attention on the self, to things such as ones attitudes and norms, increases the capability for self-regulation. Nonetheless Classical and contemporary views agree on the main thrust of the de-individuation hypothesis being that he psychological state of de-individuation brings about anti-normative and dis-inhibited behaviour. As with most theories de-individuation is also open to criticism. Despite considerable research and development of ideas, it is too simplistic. Many of the studies, which it uses to prop itself-up are lab-based. More naturalistic studies are needed to increase the ecological validity of the theory. The theory can also be criticised for ignoring coherence of crowd behaviour as crowds frequently behave in the same manner. At football matches, for example, component people are not the same yet the behaviour demonstrated is always very similar. Another theory that has developed, In contrast to Le Bons contagion theory, is the convergence theory. As demonstrated, Le Bon thought that crowds were run by a collective mind and the individual thoughts changed radically. According to the convergence theory, the people who join a group often have similar needs and personal characteristics as the group. Instead of changing the self into the group collective the individual is, essentially, already what the group is. A further modern, contradictory theory to that of Le Bons s Tuner and Killians (1972) emergent norm theory. Contrary to Le Bon, who believes an individual loses himself in the crowd, becoming mindless, in emergent norm theory the crowd is another type of a group and the behaviour demonstrated by the crowd is a type of group behaviour, just more extreme. The idea is that group processes creates order and purpose amongst the crowd and norms spread quickly and are adopted by all crowd members but, contrary to contagion theory, the differences are illustrated between individual and group behaviour by looking at the different norms. New norms emerge in collective situations through the observation of the distinctive action of group leaders. Behaviour of the crowd comes from the social norms of a crowd. People are motivated by a desire for social reinforcement and approval, and are scared of being rejected or as being perceived as an outsider. The norm must be specific to the situation to some degree-hence emergent norm. (Turner) A major criticism of this theory is presented by Deiner (1980) is that a crowd that acts normally would have to be self aware but being in a group, as his personal research demonstrates, reduces self awareness, rendering the whole theory void. The theory, as Reicher points out, also fails, similar to de-individu ation theory, there is no account as to why crowd action is unified and doesnt dissolve into sub-groups. Reicher developed his own theory, social identity theory; whereby individuals take on the social identity of the crowd and conform to the normative behaviour of that crowd via referent informational influence. This theory does not remove responsibility of an individuals behaviour in a crowd situation, rather shows that the control of the crowd lies with the individual as they have identified with the crowd norms and taken them on as their own, and consequently their consent in their social identity as a crowd member. There are three key ideas that are central to the theory, categorisation, identification and comparison. Categorisation is the tendency by humans to categorise things, including people, as a means to understanding the world. These categories can be things such as religion, race, occupation and by doing this we can identify with who we are like and find things out about ourselves. What behaviour is appropriate is then defined by reference to the groups we belong to. If someone belongs to a group that we dont belong then we will never identify with them. The second idea of identification has two meanings. Firstly that we identify ourselves as being in an individual or as being a group member and which way we classify our self depends on the situation that we are in. When we consider our self to be a group member we call this social identity. When thinking of our self as a unique individual this is referred to as personal identity. Group membership is not something foreign, which is tacked onto the person; it is a real and vital part of the person. The groups that you identify with are in-groups and those you dont identify with are out groups. The other meaning implied by the concept of identity is the idea that we are the same or identical to the other people. This doesnt mean literally but for identification purposes those who are members of the same groups as us are the same/similar E. g. during a war the enemy are all the same and treated the same way and deemed deserving of death. The third idea in social identity theory is the idea of comparison. This is when we evaluate ourselves in relation to others. By looking to others groups we can higher our self-esteem, which in turn leads to a positive image of the self, which is essential to healthy functioning. By identifying ourselves as being in a group we then learn the norms of that group and can find out what the limits of the group are. In order to test his theory, Reicher conducted some experiments to test how attitudes change when social identity is prevalent. One of his investigations found that social science students were more antivivisection and science students more pro-vivisection when they were divided in their respective subject groups than when they were mixed together. He found that personal identity is replaced in a group situation by social identity. Reicher also analysed data from the St. Pauls riots which occurred in Bristol and found that people identified with one another and because of this they adhered to the norms of the group because they were adopted as their own. In conclusion, it seems that older theories such as Le Bon and Freud are relevant today as they provide a strong theoretical basis from which we can develop our own theories of the crowd. However, the very theoretical nature of them is what makes the more recent theories much viable and realistic as both Freud and Le Bon use concepts that we will never be able to verify such as the unconscious mind. In contrast, more recent studies are supported with empirical evidence that can lead to only one conclusion, they are better theories. The nature of crowds however, means that future research will be difficult to undertake, as studies cannot be recreated in the lab due to the sheer volume of people needed.

A Cure for Cancer essays

A Cure for Cancer essays Over twenty different types of cancer have been found to exist in the world today. Cancer kills over thousands of people in the United States alone every year. The news constantly contains reports of the many different types of ways a human can get cancer. The main reasons one can get cancer are smoking, dietary factors, exercise, occupation, genetics, pollution, radiation, and even prescription drugs. Out of all the main causes of cancer obesity and smoking are the leading causes. Cancer affects a person when abnormal cells within a tissue of a certain part of the human body continue to divide out of control. Normal cells stop reproducing after about fifty cycles. Since many types of cancer exist, anyone at any age has a risk of being diagnosed. In an effort for people to speed up the process of finding a cure for cancer, people came up with urban legends and myths to preventing or getting rid of cancer. In the spring of 1999 many people began to believe that antiperspirants could cause cancer. The Canola oil, which is said to by scientists to be one of the healthier food oils, was also once rumored to be toxic and cancer causing. Many more rumors came about, but have all contributed in finding cures for cancer now. Whenever, a rumor about certain types of foods or activities circulates about causing cancer, a team of scientists, and doctors research the rumor in full extent. These scientists and doctors usually find that these rumors are false, but in some case add to the list of ways to prevent cancer. Numerous cancer experts now believe that the only real cure for cancer is taking as many steps possible to prevent it. One may wonder if cancer is a disease that travels through a family because of genes. The answer is that cancer will be more likely to occur in those who have close family members who have also had cancer. Breast and Ovarian cancer are the cancers that are most likely to be hereditary. A person...

When the Recession of the Late 2000s Began and Ended

When the Recession of the Late 2000s Began and Ended The recession that began in the late 2000s was, to date, the worst economic downturn in the United States since the Great Depression. They didnt call it the Great Recession for nothing. So how long did the recession last? When did it begin? When did it end? How did the length of the recession compare to previous recessions? See more: Even in Recession, Congress Pay Grew Heres a brief Q and A on the recession. When did the Great Recession begin? December 2007, according to the National Bureau of Economic Research, a private, nonprofit research group. When did the Great Recession end? June 2009, though lingering effects such as high unemployment continued to plague the United States well beyond that date. In determining that a trough occurred in June 2009, the committee did not conclude that economic conditions since that month have been favorable or that the economy has returned to operating at normal capacity, the NBER reported in September 2010. Rather, the committee determined only that the recession ended and a recovery began in that month. And a slow recovery it would be. How does the committee define a recession and a recovery? A recession is a period of falling economic activity spread across the economy, lasting more than a few months, normally visible in real GDP, real income, employment, industrial production, and wholesale-retail sales, NBER said. The trough marks the end of the declining phase and the start of the rising phase of the business cycle. Economic activity is typically below normal in the early stages of an expansion, and it sometimes remains so well into the expansion. How does the length of the Great Recession compare to past downturns? The recession lasted 18 months, making it the longest of any recession since World War II, according to the committee. Previously the longest postwar recessions were those of 1973-75 and 1981-82, both of which lasted 16 months. When and for how long did the other modern recessions occur? The recession of 2001 lasted eight months, from March through November of that year. The recession of the early 1990s also lasted eight months, from July 1990 through March 1991. The recession of the early 1980s lasted 16 months, from July 1981 through November 1982. How did the government deal with the Great Recession? In order to deal with the nation’s worst economic downturn since the Great Depression, Congress passed legislation that increased discretionary government spending in order to stimulate the economy. This legislation created programs ranging from financial assistance to large banks and car manufacturers to direct tax rebates for low-income households. In addition, Congress funded a series of massive â€Å"shovel-ready† public works projects, such as highway construction and improvement. At its peak, in early 2009, total discretionary government spending reached about $1.2 trillion in annual terms, or 7% of the nation’s total Gross Domestic Product (GDP). In other words, ending the Great Recession required spending a lot of money the government simply had not planned to spend. How did the Great Recession affect taxpayers? Recessions, especially â€Å"Great† ones, can be costly affairs for taxpayers. According to the Federal Reserve Board, the Great Recession raised the U.S. federal debt and fiscal deficit to record peacetime levels. The federal debt increased from 62% of the GDP in 2007 before the recession to over 100% in 2013, five years after the supposed end of the recession. Indeed, the effects of the Great Depression of 2008 will linger for years to come. Updated by Robert Longley

A Danger to Fourth Amendment Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A Danger to Fourth Amendment Rights - Essay Example This created controversy, where many individuals claimed that the Supreme Court did not follow the fourth amendment and increased the tension with minority communities (Deborah, 1997). Terry v Ohio (1962), addressed a number of reasonsin seizure and search activities. The court decided that it was legal for police to frisk, question and stop any person whom the law enforcement officers believed that he was acting suspiciously. This is referred to a lower standard than what the fourth amendment refers to a probable cause. Deborah (1997) claims that such frisking and question is against the Fourth Amendment rights while majority think that allowing seizures and searches was a serious blow against the fourth amendment, because it is less than a probable cause. Many seizures and searches are based on probable cause, and the Supreme Court has approved those that are suspicious. This was a serious blow to the Fourth Amendment because all these searches were based on less than a probable cause, while the amendment requires that all searches and seizures should have a probable cause. Additionally, the majority should have adopted Justice Douglas position because he disagrees with the court decision, and contends that the Fourth Amendment entails that every search and seizure to have a probable cause. He also goes ahead and explains that when the court decides to have an exception, then the Americans will lose their protection of privacy. However, despite his concern, Terry v Ohio (1962) law remains. Police are still allowed to question and frisk individuals who look suspicious without any reason or cause to believe they are involved in

Wagner Dodge Retreats in Mann Gulch Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Wagner Dodge Retreats in Mann Gulch - Case Study Example Interaction between team members and the team leader plays an important role in assessing existing situations, understanding the need of the time and effective resolution of existing problems. The case study of Wagner Dodge provides interesting insights into these aspects of leadership and how certain situations test the leadership abilities of an individual. Background Wagner Dodge headed a fire fighters team of 15 into Mann Gulch, a remote place in Montana to control a huge fire that had broken out in the prairies region. Dodge was an experienced fire fighter and he was responsible for putting out the prairie fire. The team was flown to the area and parachutes were used to drop them down to the fire affected region. However, on landing in Mann Gulch, the team realized that the fire was more aggressive than they had initially thought. The flames were catching on at great speed and there was no escape route since the radio with one of the team members had broken on landing and the ma p was lost too. Left with no possibilities of surviving the fire, Wagner lit a fire and let the area burn out before he landed himself in the middle of this fire circle to protect himself from the prairie fire. He signaled him men to follow him but only one of them joined him in the circle of fire. The rest of the team members did not trust his decision and felt that it was crazy to go into the fire circle started by Wagner. Thus, 13 members out of the 15 perished in the prairie fire (Useem, 1998). Wagner Dodge – decision making and leadership The Mann Gulch fire incident raises a number of pertinent questions relating to the team behavior and understanding existing between Wagner Dodge and his team members. Why did they choose not to follow him and how could the team be unaware of the ground realities? The first question strongly raises doubts over the capabilities of Wagner Dodge as a leader and the lack of trust existing between the chief and his team members. His order to his team to stick to the burned area were met with disbelief and anger from most of the team members and each of them decided to escape the fire in their own ways. The results were tragic and there was nothing much that Dodge could do at the moment to convince them his ways. A review of the situation reveals that though Dodge was a good and experienced firefighter, he had very limited success in achieving the trust and confidence of his team members. He failed to articulate his thoughts and plans in an effective manner to the team members. His inability lay in the fact that he did not communicate emergency plans and guidelines that the team members could follow in such situations. The crew was fairly inexperienced or they would have realized the potential escape route offered by Dodge. If Dodge had explained some possibilities and means of surviving such emergencies earlier, probably all 15 could have been saved from the prairie fires (Useem, 1998). Wagner Dodge also failed to comm unicate the effectiveness of the burnt patch of ground to his team members at the critical hour. This could be associated with lack of time to explain the details to the team members and the inability of the team to grasp in times of the pending crisis.

An Introduction To Independent Filming

An Introduction To Independent Filming Because independent film is independently financed, several of its characteristics, such as visual art, theme and background, make it different from any other type of film. An independent film, indie film, or underground film, is a film that is produced mostly outside of a major film studio. Todays big six major film studios are Time Warner, News Corporation, Viacom, Sony, The Walt Disney Company and General Electric/Vivendi Universal. Technically, Independent film does not belong to any major film studio or film company; both the funding and film-making are done independently. The funds of making an independent film were originally mostly from the funding that director has found by himself or even that the director personally contributes to the film. But nowadays, independent films are usually produced or distributed by subsidiaries of major studios so that, if less than half of a films financing comes from a major studio, it can be considered independent film. Where Does Independent Film Come From? The concept of independent film came from Hollywood in the last century. At that time, the Hollywood oligopoly replaced the Edison monopoly. Within this new system, a pecking order was soon established which left little room for any newcomers. At the top were the five major studios, MGM, Paramount Pictures, RKO, Warner Bros., and Twentieth Century Fox. Beneath them were Universal Studios and Columbia Pictures. Finally there was Poverty Row, a catch all term used to encompass any other smaller studio that managed to fight their way up into the increasingly exclusive movie business. It is worth noting that though the small studios that made up Poverty Row could be characterized as existing independently of any major studio, they utilized the same kind of vertically and horizontally integrated systems of business as the larger players in the game. Though the eventual breakup of the studio system and its restrictive chain-theater distribution network would leave independent movie houses eager for the kind of populist, seat-filling product of the Poverty Row s tudios, that same paradigm shift would also lead to the decline and ultimate disappearance of Poverty Row as a Hollywood phenomenon. While the kinds of films produced by Poverty Row studios only grew in popularity, they would eventually become increasingly available both from major production companies and from independent producers who no longer needed to rely on a studios ability to package and release their work (wiki). So at the time, the studio system had brought large amounts of money to the film industry, but it also extremely limited the themes of film that a scriptwriter would be allowed to write about. Because of this situation, many filmmakers wanted to get out of the studio system so they collected money and directed the film by themselves, sometimes even writing the scripts by themselves. Therefore, a large number of the independently funded and directed films were totally different from the commercial films that had been made. It is these films that became the first independent films. Backgrounds of Independent Directors A film can be called an independent film for two reasons. The first reason is that most of the financing is not from a major studio. The second reason is that the theme of the film is unique. From the beginning, independent film is different from the major studios: its purpose is not to earn money. Although production is small (low cost and simple technology are the symbols of the independent film), this does not mean that the film itself is crude or unprofessional. Because there are fewer influences from sponsors, the independent films can be involved in more themes that commercial films cannot write about, it also shows the unique of the director. Basically, the themes of independent films in the U.S. have no limit as they include politics, violence, sex, science fiction, crime and even indescribable fantasy. So it is really hard to classify independent films the same way one does for Hollywood commercial films. The unique characteristics of independent film can be proved by the backgrounds of the director of an independent film. It is not hard to find out that these directors usually have their own unique backgrounds, not only their race, but also their social status and the area that they come from. Each director is skilled in his own way and wants to show this in his film through the use of complicated structure. Take John Cassavetes, for example, who is basically called the father of the independent film in the U.S. He is most notable as a pioneer of American independent film. John was born into a Greek-American family, so his Greek family values extremely influenced his creativity in film. So, in his films, it is clear to see his observations of and questioning on American family life. They also show self-examination in the relationships between families. Woody Allen, another famous director, was born in Brooklyn, New York City, in a well-educational Jewish family. From Annie Hall to Melinda and Melinda, we can see that Woody Allens background caused him to criticize reality in his films. Another director, Spike Lee, grow up in the same neighborhood as Woody Allen, but he has a totally different angle in directing films. Because Spike Lee was born into a middle to low class, African-American family, his films are full of a fearlessness to corruption and violence and tended to show the darkness of society. Even when dealing with the same theme, different directors usually show a different point of view. For example: sex. In Woody Allens film Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex*But Were Afraid to Ask , he describes traditional sex using jokes instead of serious discussion. Allen even played the role of a sperm in his film for emphasis. Steven Soderbergh, however, also dealt with the theme of sex. In his opinion, sex became a symbol of danger. In his film, Sex, Lies, and Videotape, sex is abnormal and makes people feel restless. This is totally different from Woody Allens humor. Thus, independent film directors each have their own style and skilled theme, causing a unique structure of theme in independent film. Black humor In Independent Film The black humor in independent film is a kind of humor that makes people feel sad. One way is to describe the compassion to nobody; another way is to sneer at somebody. Woody Allen is a representative man to use the second way in his films. Woody is good at directing his films in an exaggerated funny way, and most of his films are against tradition and authority, for example his early films Bananas Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex*But Were Afraid to Ask and Sleeper. These films were meant to poke fun at Hollywoods politic film, sex film and science-fiction film at that time. Most importantly, these mocks were definitely valuable and were not sleazy jokes, but always make people think about more. And after people laughing at these jokes, they will feel a little bit sad about this reality. After Woody Allens early films, his skills has developed and used it to make fun of all society and human nature itself. In Stardust Memories Everyone Says I Love You Bullets Over Broad way, human nature, love, violence, happiness, etc, these ideas has instead of Hollywood, became his targets. Although it sounds impossible to make fun of these things, Woody Allen can always give us surprise, he has ability to make people laugh. Even in Stardust Memories, has been thought it was greeting to Ernst Ingmar Bergman, it is still easy to see Woody Allens self-mockery. In this film, he used a lot of skills from European directors, because of this, he has been criticized by critical circles, but he still treated it as his best film. Of course, Woody Allen can never forget to make fun of Hollywood, the typical one is The Purple Rose of Cairo. This film poked fun of that Hollywood made huge contrast between the reality and film world. Because of the big differences that Hollywood made in film world between realities, he criticized the Hollywood film industry. The Purple Rose of Cairo is one of Woody Allens most importantly films, it criticized film industry itself make it bec ame a landmark in independent film history. The way to make fun of nobody is used by a lot of directors, Coen brothers become the best of these directors since they began direct the independent films. Their tender humble but a little bit weird black humor became their symbol. Especially their first film Blood Simple, it became one landmark in independent film history, this film has influenced a lot of films after, especially large number of 90s independent films, its style and theme became the fashion in independent film industry. But Blood Simple was just their first one, Coen brothers second film Barton Fink won the reputation for them. The same as Woody Allen, in Barton Fink, it full of taunts to Hollywood, and their thoughts has showed in this film. The boss of the film company in Barton Fink stands for those Hollywood big shots. Money can make them kneel down, and can also make them became animals without any humanity and of course they do not care the art of films. After this film, O brother, Where art thou? became anoth er landmark, this film was adopted from Odyssey. It discussed the changes of American politics and religions make it became more like an epic for independent film history. Quentin Tarantino, are also famous for his black humor in his films. From his first famous film Reservoir Dogs, poke fun of mafia, crime, violence and etc, it became his mark. In his film Pulp Fiction, all the members of mafia has been described stupid, dirty and has no brains. They bully the weak and fear the strong, make people cannot stop laughing at them. Kill Bill extremely showed his black violent aesthetics, the female role in this film fight with Japanese mafias, killing people is just a little thing, this scene is also poke fun of Hollywood that used Chinese kung fu whenever they want to. The most typical black humor independent film must be Kevin Smiths Clerks, this film just cost $27,000, and it was a miracle to Hollywood in 90s. This is a really simple story about two salesclerks. They open for business, but there is no business. They go to funeral, but the coffin has been overthrown by them, etc. All these stories happened in the same day, it has no directly connections but it is well-organized. The story is simple, but it full of philosophy, makes people try to think. At the end, it tells people a simple truth but usually been ignored by people, which is be nice to your friends and family. In independent film, usually need wonderful actors to play out the black humor. Like Tom Cruise in Magnolia, Dustin Hoffman in I Heart Huckabees, Samuel L Jackson in Do the Right Thing and etc. These good actors are really important to any good independent films. Freedom, Revolt Violence in Independent Film For independent film, freedom is the most important characteristic. This freedom not only means the freedom of funds, but also means the freedom of minds. From some point, independent film can also be called freedom film. If independent film want to be freedom means have to break the tradition rules, which also means have to revolt the rules. So the spirit of independent film should be called the revolt of freedom. So it is not hard to find that the characters in the independent films are usually uninhibited. Take David Lynchs Wild at Heart as an example. In this film, a couple cannot be together because of several reasons, but they use a lot of lurid ways to try to get together. This film shows peoples restless though bloody violent scenes, it full of Freud style analysis. But this film also shows a little bit romantic, the other extremely way to love each other. Wild at Heart is also a typical rock film, the main character in the film usually drives a car on the high way and show up in the public like a rock singer. After Wild at Heart, Lost Highway basically continued the story has been told in Wild at Heart, the style, characteristic and even the main actor Nicholas Cage has not been change. But this time, a lot of videotapes about privacy have been instead of abstract of pressures from society. This experimental film described the darkness side of people, it is the most strange and inscrut able film in all his films. Compare with Oliver Stones films, David Lynchs films are really tender. Oliver Stones Natural Born Killers can be called the most violent film in all the 90s American independent films. In this film, he broke all the rules that had been showed on the screen, he did not even care about the audiences, just showed the extremely violent to audiences. This is not only an irony to Hollywood, but also it is an irony to the darkness of American cultures. And this counterattack is hopeless, to the whole society: just a person can do nothing. So the character in the film just can kills people to release his anger and against the society. Natural Born Killers actually has some similarities with Quentin Tarantinos films, which is that they all used violence as the clue in their films. Especially in Kill Bill, the story itself is very simple, but Quentin Tarantino described violence in details, he even makes people think that violent is kind of aesthetical. But in fact, what he wants to tell is t he same as Natural Born Killers. Hollywoods Banishment or Incorporation of Independent Film Directors Since independent film was born, Hollywood always tries to incorporate the independent film directors. Usually, an independent film director will be incorporate into Hollywood after some of his films got successes. For example, Steven Soderbergh, after he directed his independent films Sex, Lies, and Videotape Traffic, he directed some commercial films like Oceans eleven Oceans twelve. But unfortunately, for audiences, he is one of the best directors of independent film, but for commercial film, he is not the best. But still there were a lot of directors have successes on commercial film, such as Oliver Stone and Gus Van Sant, they are both good at independent film and commercial film. Oliver Stone not only has commercial films like Born on the Fourth of July Heaven and Earth but also has famous unique independent film like Natural Born Killers. Gus Van Sant is much clever, he used the theme of the independent film to do it in commercial film way, Drugstore Cowboy To Die For Good Will Hunting these films are the typical. Of course, money is everything for Hollywood, if they think the independent film director can earn money for them, they will become animals. Even the film has done, if they do not think it will earn money, they will kill it without thinking. So this is why such a lot of independent film directors do not want to direct any Hollywood films. Because their films are like their babies, if Hollywood will kill their babies sometime, who will work for Hollywood? I do not think there is one. In conclusion, only when film directors are not controlled or limited by the sponsors, the really films will be create. Not only independent film will be free, but also any other types of film will be free. At that time, I believe there is just one type of film that is called good film.

Red Lobster case analysis Essay

Should Lopdrup make Experientials the target segment and modify Red Lobster’s positioning accordingly. If so, how should he change its marketing mix (4P)? Red Lobster originally was founded in 1968 and gained tremendous popularity back then by offering fresh seafood for everybody. They made it easily accessible and approachable. However, over several extremely successful decades of rapid growth and many new restaurants, Red Lobster in 2004 was becoming out of date and out of touch with today’s customer. The company with more than 40-year experience in seafood restaurants, with its new leading CEO Kim Lopdrup now has invested in extensive market research. The results of the market research reveal a surprisingly exciting opportunity for the company to shift its target customer segment. The chain at the moment is taking its first steps of an elaborate 10-year rejuvenation plan under the lead of its CEO Kim Lopdrup. Back in 2004 when he took over as a CEO of Red Lobster, the company was closing down restaurants and going through a major decline in sales. Furthermore, customer satisfaction had dropped significantly as well by then. Though, in 2010, even in a period of recession, the sales results are slowly starting to improve. As a result, the whole chain itself is improving as well. A recent market research study has revealed rather unexpected results that 25% of Red Lobster’s customers are â€Å"experientials,† people looking for pleasure, good service and high-quality food. Which is very different from Red Lobster’s traditional core customer who just wanted big portion sizes of decent seafood and does not worry about nutrition or upscale atmosphere. Lopdrup is currently thinking of possible re-positioning to attract more â€Å"experientials†, thereby also changing the company’s target segment. But would this be a good step? Back in 1968, the brand gained popularity by making fresh seafood that was not very accessible back then. However, times have changed now. Customers now have an abundance of choices when it comes to fresh seafood, which makes it very hard for Red Lobster to differentiate from other brands only offering ‘approachable, fresh seafood’. Moreover, lately it has been associated with frozen and fried, unhealthy food, not fresh seafood. The recession has had a bad impact on the restaurant and there has been a major drop in customer count. Instead of focusing on winning the price war within the highly competitive casual dining category, Kim Lopdrup instead has decided to focus on rejuvenation, following a differentiation strategy. The plan is to aim for higher quality, drive a higher frequency of visits and make the brand be seen as good quality seafood, where people could get a pleasant dining experience for affordable prices. In my opinion, Red Lobster must indeed focus on experientials, start fresh and show customers it is really doing things differently now. A new look, a new menu, improved service and better communication to let people see Red Lobster in a fresh, new way. They should embrace the 21st century by using more social networking (facebook, twitter, youtube), mobile apps, yet stick to its basic principles of providing fresh seafood from good fisherman, hire skillful grill masters and friendly staff, which are all core values for ‘experientials’. Moreover, these are values and expectations not only for ‘experientials’ but for the mass market in general. This way, they could achieve the highest reach and drive traffic to their restaurants. They must get talked about and become more visible by investing in a complex marketing campaign that would go in waves. A good quality television campaign would be highly appropriate. Regarding it’s 4PS, they should adjust its current market mix by really thinking about the target group’s wants and needs. Experientials are well educated and will not tolerate bad service. They go out to restaurants to connect with friends, family, and colleagues. So the company should definitely think of ways to improve its service. Renovation of the restaurant space, hiring of friendly employees that Red Lobster would continually educate about the latest trends and menu offerings. It is very important for the brand to have a welcoming, human face. And honest, communicative employees that will give a personal experience for each customer will take the brand image further away from its current corporate image. Regarding the products, it is also very important to communicate the source of their fish, its good quality chefs, daily offerings of ‘daily fresh catch’ to let people know that Red Lobster has ‘stepped up’ their game and only offering the highest-quality fresh crab from the best farmers. Perhaps they should do an acquisition with a wine company in order to offer experientals more wines to choose from, since they like to enjoy new food and menu items. They are motivated by culinary expertise and wine and food goes hand in hand with each other. Regarding the price, they could increase the price a little bit, since experientials are not overly ‘price sensitive’. They are well educated with a high income, though they als o like to eat out often. So a mid-range price would be the most appropriate. By focusing on experientials, Red Lobster could significantly increase profitability and get more loyal customer that return for more. The positioning should stay ‘approachable, fresh seafood’, since they have so many locations everywhere. The menu should be more frequently updated. Prices could be higher for ‘specials’, and they should communicate keywords like ‘quality, freshness, seafood lovers’, have cooking demonstrations. Invest in TV promotional ads to achieve mass awareness, hirepassionate people, focus on continuous improvement.