Multiculturalism And School Music Education Education Essay

Before get bringing down to talk about Macaus music guidance, the general history foundation ought to be presented abdominal muscle initio. Macau lies on the western side of the Pearl River Delta opposite Hong Kong, which is to the E, encompassing Guangdong state toward the North and standing up to the South China Sea to the E and South. The whole nation of Macau is about 29.5 kilometers and the populace is around 544,000. ( Macau Yearbook 2007, 475 ) The historical backdrop of Macau can be followed back to the Qin Dynasty ( 221-206 BC ) , Macau was under the lawful intensity of Panyu area at the clasp. Between the mature ages 1368 and 1644, under the Ming Dynasty, anglers moved to Macau from Guangdong and Fujian states. Thusly, Macau was a typical angling modest community before the coming to of Portuguese. Macau was a previous Portuguese settlement, and was both the first and last European settlement in China each piece great. Since the Portuguese showed up in the sixteenth Century, Macau began to be created as a significant state. In 1535, Lusitanian bargainers got the rights to ground sends in Macau ‘s seaports and to move out exchanging exercises, however non the option to stay coastal. ( Fung, 1999 ) In 1887, Macau turned into a settlement of the Portuguese imperium and its sway moved to the Portuguese. Macau got one of two specific regulatory pieces of the People ‘s Republic of China ( the other being Hong Kong ) in 1999. Under the strategy of â€Å" one state, two frameworks † , the Chinese specialists is answerable for the area ‘s safeguard and remote individual businesss, while Macau keeps up its ain legitimate framework, constabulary power, monetary framework, imposts strategy, and in-movement policy.The Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration and the Basic Law of Macau specify that Macau works with a high evaluation of freedom until at any rate 2049, fifty mature ages after the handover. Macau takes an interest in numerous universal associations and occasions that do non require individuals to have national power. Macau ‘s financial framework is reliant generally on touristry and risking which make up around 50 % of the monetary framework. In impossible to miss, risking in Macau was legitimized by the Lusitanian specialists from the 1850s, and Macau has been known as the â€Å" Monte Carlo of the Orient † since so. It is advantageous to see that a large portion of the visitants originate from Mainland China and Hong Kong. Along these lines, it tends to be presumed that the Macau ‘s financial framework generally relies upon Mainland China and Hong Kong. The number of inhabitants in Macau is comprise of 95 % Chinese, includeing Cantonese and Hakka. The remaining 5 % outsiders which incorporates Portuguese, Nipponese and Philippine individuals. ( Result of 2011 populace nose tally. 11 ) Therefore, various social gatherings and sole history foundation structure Macau as a multicultural society, and such wonder exists in wherever. The main case is the various semantic correspondences. The authority etymological correspondences are Lusitanian and Cantonese Chinese, and there are 40 % and 1.5 % of the populace in Macau can go on through Mandarin and English, severally. In add-on, Hokkien and the Creole Macanese phonetic correspondence other than exist. Besides, the second representation might be the celebrations. Not just should the Lunar Chinese New Year be one of the most significant celebrations in Macau, however next to the Christmas might be commended, each piece good.2. Macau ‘s guidance in pioneer period.In the sixteenth cent ury, the specialists clung to the guidance arrangement of Portugal and pretty much all the instructive occasions were administered by the Catholic ministers in Macau. In 1572, the Jesuit ministers built up a school in Macau, taking to learn kids and the adults who were happy to be a Christian evangelist ( Li and A ; Choi, 2000 ) . Besides, in 1594, the principal Western college was established in Macau by the Jesuits, which guarantees the rubric of the main Western college in the Far East ( Li, 2001 ) . Such situation other than occurred in different settlements at a similar clasp. In 1599, the Jesuits changed their school initially established for the Indians into universities for bearing in expansive humanistic orders ( Havighurst and A ; Moreira, 1965 ) . From the sixteenth to nineteenth century, with the exception of an undersized figure of children from rich family units who could connect with private educators, a massive entirety of childs were instructed simply by sermonizers. For representation, an essential degree school named the St. Rose of Lima School was built up in 1692, which focused to learn fundamental perusing, making, Portuguese, Latin, French and English to kids who originate from dejected family units. ( Silva, 1998 ) To summarize, there were extremely barely any proportions of elementary schools existed at that cut. In the mid of nineteenth century, the specialists paid additionally taking care of Macau ‘s guidance so as to unite the Lusitanian situation in Macau. Li and A ; Choi ( 2000 ) bring up that the Macau pilgrim specialists built up the main Portuguese grade school in 1847 and oversaw by diocesan ministers. The principal Lusitanian Government auxiliary school was established in the 1893 and oversaw by the specialists. In the twentieth century, with the feasting improvement of Macau ‘s guidance, a progression of occupations were other than uncovered. The political administrative demonstrations of Macau was separated from everyone else because of the around 50 decennaries ‘ settlement by Portuguese. Such alone sculptures has now and again been considered as an outcome of the inconsistency among Chinese and Lusitanian authoritiess, and was other than be affected by the sole mode in which Portuguese sway had been done locally. Franco Nogueira, who was the Portuguese Foreign Minister, closed the situation in 1966 as follows: â€Å" aë†â ¦ We have ne'er been truly independent over Macau ; we have ever outlived out of China ‘s great kindness, and approval has ever been imparted to them. † ( Nogueira, 1966 ) , viz. there was limitation of Lusitanian power over Macau. Rosa ( 1990 ) other than calls attention to that such situation other than occurred in neighborhood guidance framework during the 1980s. The specialists ‘s strategy could non adhere to the step of the guidance improvement in Macau. Considerably more, there were extremely barely any understudies: just 5 for each centum of Macau ‘s student populace, study in the government funded schools. In institutional footings, on the one manus, the gigantic mass guidance divisions were private Chinese conduit schools and which held around 85 % . On the different manus, there were simply 15 % schools in Macau were government-run. At the end of the day, the guidance in Macau had various frameworks, and both of the private and specialists schools were â€Å" battling to run into the Territory ‘s requests †however scarcely wining in making so. † ( Rosa, 1990 ) Because of the insufficiency of appropriate association and backing, the arrangement of Macau ‘s guidance was incredibly founded on related states and nations, for example, Hong Kong, the People ‘s Republic of China, the United Kingdom and Portugal. Such dependance can be seen from the course of study and the substance. Be that as it may, the impersonation and dependance may non run into the interest of Macau itself. The ground may be that the Macau ‘s alone history and human progress foundation may non be entirely same as different states or nations. Rosa ( 1990 ) accepts that there were a few deformities in the nation of human and physical assets. First of entirely, the nonappearance of the accessible guidance material may be a genuine activity in Macau. For case, the educator/understudy proportion was exceptionally high at the pre-essential level of private Chinese watercourse[ 1 ]school in 1988 ( 1/45 ) . Second, scholastic creation of the school personnel was inadmissible. There were only 54 % of the educators had acknowledged learning arrangement or keep guidance grade ; actually, 34 % of the teachers may just finish auxiliary school. In footings of the physical asset, the tuition based schools at any point experienced congestion in schoolroom and shortage of learning hardware. Be that as it may, there had been a few favorable circumstances in Macau ‘s guidance. Blending to the examination from Rosa, the time of a large portion of the learning material in Macau was under 50 ( which was around 84 % ) ; in addition, 62 % of educators were between 20 to 39. Clearly, the youthful educator may be extremely useful to show signs of improvement of the pickle at that cut. In add-on, during the 1980s, the tuition based schools, which involved a colossal whole of the schools in the Territory, inadequacy of appropriate mediation and backing from the specialists, taking to a group of Macau ‘s family units being not able to pay charges for school and the expanded pace of dropout. Subsequently, the specialists endorsed the Law No. 11/77/M on October 22 1977 thus some monetary guides was set out dependent on it. The donees of such guide incorporated the exclusive school, their school personnel and the students. First of entirely, the financial guide assisted the guidance foundations with regenerating gear and remodel plants. Second, educators got specialists overabundance aid so as to advance them through the Government Order No. 199/85 out of 1985. Third and the most altogether, tonss of the students, even non every one of them, got appropriations from the specialists, which non just eased the family unit accounts burden, however next to decreased the dropout rate which was profoundly high. In any case, the financial guide may non enough to run into the interest of the advancement of Macau ‘s guidance. For outline, the students ‘ recompense only involved around 40 % of mean tutoring expenses, viz. Macau did non hold free broad guidance at that cut and may non achieve the finish of value of guidance. Moreover, fitting to Rosa ( 1990 ) , there was a Chinese waterway educators creating class supported by Macau Education De

Trip to Tadoba Tiger Reserve Free Essays

string(121) By this time we additionally discovered that the Hyderabad bunch had run into substantial downpours and awful climate prompting moderate progress. CITY TIGERS MEETING THEIR COUNTRY COUSIN This meet started with me and my sibling continuing to Mumbai air terminal for our first trip to the orange city Nagpur. Not long after looking into the flight we got with group bhpian and member in the workshop (sachin. sri) Sachin Shrivastava. We will compose a custom paper test on Excursion to Tadoba Tiger Reserve or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now He was at that point in the city on authentic work and we found our particular advantages on the discussion. We had a smooth flight and as guided by Dr. Abheek via telephone we met our taxi come to get us from the air terminal. We found that it was sprinkling in Nagpur and this hosed our spirits a piece believing that untamed life spotting would be troublesome in unremitting precipitation. We continued to the beginning stage where we were to meet different members from Nagpur. The fact of the matter was Hotel Turning Point at Laxmi Chowk. Here Wild Cats part Mr. Sachet and the proprietor of Turning Point Mr. Amol welcomed us heartily. Mr. Amol offered us a luxurious breakfast and some intriguing stories of untamed life with regards to the edges of Nagpur. Exceptionally soon another Wild Cat part Mr. Chinmay Deshpande went along with us. Curiously he was a functioning snake rescuer for Nagpur and he had a bagful of snakes to be discharged in the wild during our excursion. Sachin was frightened and somewhat frightened by the nearness of such a significant number of venomous and non-venomous snakes around. We were stunned and energized and attempt to console Sachin. We had just because such a nearby experience with snakes. Under the nearby direction of Chinmay we were even ready to deal with a non-venomous snake the knickknack snake without any problem. It was so wonderful to hold the snake. In our grasp the snake appeared to be a velvet rope. It is miserable that even before thinking a lot about snakes I had a biased dread of such wonderful animals. Chinmay properly clarified that snakes have no feeling and on the off chance that we people keep up our separation and exercise alert and satisfactory safety measure while communicating with them there is no motivation behind why we can't exist together with the most venomous of snakes. Having said that he additionally clarified that the most experienced of handlers have been nibbled distinctly by either their heedlessness or arrogance. In a matter of moments Doc. (Dr. Abheek Ghosh) flew in. True to form he was a heap of vitality and energized the effectively energized bundle. Meeting him just because I need to state the mustache suits him well, similar to the stubbles of a wildcat. He had some news. The group from Hyderabad had missed their overnight train and had since continued via vehicle. They would meet us legitimately at Tadoba. One more of the organizer Mr. Akash Kothe additionally went along with us. We all wrapped up the morning meal meet and continued to our mentor, which was with us for the whole outing. The mentor had a pennant of Wild Cats in the front, which was looking exceptionally able for the event. As we were getting into the mentor we could see our host Amol likewise getting into the state of mind and needing to go along with us for the excursion. Anyway as had some unavoidable work in the city he was unable to go along with us. We bade him farewell and continued to Tadoba. Sachin was getting anxious with such a significant number of snakes going along with us in the mentor albeit secure in their separate containers. We as a whole kidded this would be â€Å"SNAKES IN THE COACH† Indian rendition of the acclaimed Hollywood movie† SNAKES IN THE PLANE†. This made Sachin even more nervous and he attempted to make himself agreeable as distant from the snakes as could be expected under the circumstances. Be that as it may, at each yank and each pothole he would argue Chinmay to check if all the snakes were secure. The whole excursion of around 5 hours because of awful streets after Jam was not really felt due the relentless talk among us all. It was striking that inspite of our fluctuating foundations and ages we as a whole gelled in a matter of seconds. This goes to shows that energy is irresistible and knows no obstruction. In the mentor Doc offered us an Audio Video narrative by Vidya Atreya on creature human clash in Western Maharashtra and how it was influencing the panther specifically. I had just perused up some material on her work and research as sent to us before by Doc. Doc likewise enlighted us on the work done by her on protection and human panther peace promotion. We were so charmed in our conversations and running low on time that we had avoided ending for lunch anyplace enroute. As we approached crossed Chandrapur we were disheartened to see quarries for coal mining all around with gigantic loads of spent mud lying all around like little slopes. Doc educated us that in spite of the fact that Chandrapur was one of the most dirtied zones of our nation due to the coalmines and warm plants the tigers were flourishing in the woodlands of Tadoba. We arrived at the Moharli Gate of Tadoba haven at the stroke of four, which was likewise the end time for passage into the asylum. At the door the wanderers were prepared hanging tight for us as masterminded by Doc. Here we likewise met another of Doc’s dear companions Mr. Indraneel Pal and his companion Gaurav. Indraneel Pal was by calling a temporary worker for the Cement Mills around yet by heart he was an enthusiastic creature sweetheart. His inside and out information on creature conduct by and large and the tiger specifically was astonishing. We discovered that he was an ordinary guest to Tadoba, now and then 2-3 times each week. He was to Tadoba what Doc is to Pench. Doc had a brilliant affinity with him and he also greeted us wholeheartedly. I was struck by his quietude and energy towards the woodland and its occupants. It was an extraordinary delight and benefit to go through two days in his organization. At this point we likewise discovered that the Hyderabad bunch had run into substantial downpours and terrible climate prompting moderate advancement. You read Outing to Tadoba Tiger Reserve in class Papers Enroute an area of the roadway was washed away and they were confronting a barrier in the alternate route because of some vehicle breakdown. In light of current circumstances they would not have the option to make it to Tadoba before dusk. All of us choose to continue for the night Safari. The sights and hints of the timberland agreeably astonished city occupants like us. Tadoba is known to all, for the sound populace of tigers inside it however it was likewise extremely intriguing to watch the wide assortment of winged creatures and bugs inside the hold. Photographs will recount to the story here. We promptly recognized a little crowd of sambar deer and a singular wild pig. In some time we arrived at the center (hattori) door. As required passage conventions were being done, Doc asked his man Friday (Sanjay) to serve poha parcels to us all. At this point our stomachs had started thundering due go hunger having skipped lunch before. The poha was tasty and warm in the foil pack. Obviously doc had made some calls from the mentor as we were approaching Tadoba. Indraneel happened to reveal to us that in the first part of the day similarly as he entered the hold he recognized a panther extremely near the passageway door. This uplifted the fervor for us. He and doc disclosed to us that enormous predators like the tiger consistently mark the limits of their region to feature their quality to their adversaries and console the females. What's more, during rainstorm because of washing ceaselessly of their aroma markings by the downpour, they need to continue stamping all the more as often as possible and because of which the odds of recognizing the tiger is better. Both he and doc were very tuned to the different hints of the wilderness and could promptly make us aware of calls made by the sambar and a few winged animals as they imparted to pass on the development of the tiger/panther. This gave us some sign of the development of these predators a good ways off. It additionally gave us a thought regarding how troublesome it was for these predators to chase when their quality could be handily parted with by the caution call of the langur, a flying creature or some deer. In these environmental factors we effectively lost feeling of time. Very soon it was getting dim and the guide educated us that the time had come to go to the exit. We were starting to appreciate the experience and began to head back with overwhelming sadness. At that point the wanderer we were voyaging unexpectedly separated. We got charmed reasoning this gave us an ideal reason to legitimize our deferral to the leave door and experience the nightfall in the woodland. In any case, this joy didn't keep going long as exceptionally soon another tramp of our gathering that went along gave us a lift to the center (Hattori) door. Now Doc â€Å"insisted† on remaining with the separated vagabond and it’s driver till it could be brought till the leave point. We all wished to assume Doc’s position with the goal that we could likewise encounter some piece of the night in the wilderness, yet it was not to be. We wished Doc karma and continued to the Hattori Gate. There the authorities were miffed with us for the deferral. On learning of the breakdown they offered a stopgap towrope and sent this tramp back to tow our separated wanderer. Doc more likely than not reviled his karma to see help coming so quick. When the wanderer was towed into the Hattori door we continued to the Moharli leave entryway. Enroute we were trusting that the towrope snaps and we get postponed further. Yet, too bad none of that occurred. In some time we arrived at the leave entryway. The authorities here were vexed, as we had shown up route past the end time. Fortunately Doc and Indraneel being regulars there by one way or another figured out how to placate them, however brought to the table some composed clarification and pay some fine. We went to the MTDC resort with such a significant number of stories to reveal to one another. In transit Chinmay disclosed to us that once we sink into our rooms we have to take care of the cobra on a frog, which could be effectively observed croaking around, as it may be eager. We settled in our rooms spruced up and before long got out to find a frog utilizing our electric lamps. Sachin true to form wouldn't have anything to do with the snakes. Understanding his dread we disregarded him. Fortunately we figured out how to get o

The Difficulty With Data

The Difficulty With Data Over the last few weeks Ive posted entries about diversity vs merit and the holistic admissions process. And while I hope that these entries have contributed some insight into how and why we do the things we do, one complaint in the comments on those entries was about a lack of data to accompany and support the claims I had made. As one commenter put it: MIT should release the full set of admissions data stripped of personally identifying information and let the community analyze it, because in the scientific community we trust data and analysis, not assertions. So lets discuss admissions data. First, Id like to say that Im a huge fan of statistics. I read 538 and Football Outsiders every day. When it comes to baseball Im a converted sabremetrician. In the natural world, I believe in the scientific method, which is to say I believe in data-driven analyses of phenomena, empirical evidence, and testable hypothesis as the best, and sometimes only, route to understanding most things which occur in our universe. But there is a problem with social science, and that problem is this: sometimes, you dont have all of the data, either because it is unavailable to you, or because something cant be captured. And then, if you try to build a model based on these incomplete data, you are liable to draw conclusions consistent with the data but descriptively incorrect. At its most basic form, its a variant of  post hoc ergo propter hoc after this, therefore because of this. The rooster crows, then the sun rises; all hail the befeathered Sun King! In more complex forms, its a very subtle misattribution of traits based on the ontologies used to characterize them, which begets an epistomelogical crisis: what do we measure and how do we measure it? Is the trait thus measured determinative or merely descriptive? And so forth. But lets back away from the analytical theory for a moment and ground what Im saying in some concrete examples. Heres another comment from my diversity vs merit post about SAT scores: This pretty much sums it up: SAT Math 750-800 15% 700-740 10% 650-690 5% From what you wrote youd think being in the 700-740 range and being in the 750-800 range doesnt have much impact on your chance of admission, but theres a 50% difference. Now, I and others are on the record as saying that we admit people, not test scores, and that in any case there is really not a difference in our process between someone who scores, say, a 740 on the SAT math, and someone who scores an 800 on the SAT math. So why, as the commentor asks, is there such a difference in the admit rate? Aha! Clearly we DO prefer higher SAT scores! Well no, we dont. What we prefer are things which may coincide with higher SAT scores. For example, a student who receives a gold medal at the IMO is probably more likely to score an 800 on the math SAT than a 740. But if we take an IMO medalist (with an 800) over random applicant X (with a 740), does that mean we preferred an 800 to a 740? No. It means we preferred the IMO medalist, who also happened to get an 800! The same goes for people who are highly ranked in their graduating class. Almost half of the class of 2015 were valedictorians of their high school. Aha! MIT must highly value class rank in our application!  No, we dont. Then why does this happen? Because we do highly value certain academic accomplishments, and if you are doing well enough academically to achieve these things, then you are probably doing pretty well in high school. Additionally, we highly value strong letters of recommendation, and often teachers strongly support students who really blow them away academically. So we select for these other traits and end up, as a side effect, with a disproportionate number of valedictorians. But its not because theyre valedictorians that we select them, but rather that because of the things for which we select they are valedictorians. Or, to  paraphrase a line from Llewellyn: being a valedictorian isnt the reason for the decision; its the result of factors which were reason for the decision. You see what happens here. Its correlation misdiagnosed as causation, and then interpreted through a particular narrative frame to conform (and confirm) to prior expectations. This  happens all the time in shoddy social science. And it inevitably occurs with whatever data we do release. If we released admit rate by state, it would be:  The admit rate for students from Wisconsin went up 2%, MIT must really want applicants from Wisconsin! When the reality would be much closer to: we took whom we wanted to take, and they were from Wisconsin. Was Wisconsin considered in a complex ecology of decisionmaking? To some degree, yes; thats what we mean when we say we read everything and have a contextual, holistic process. But was it a  determinative characteristic, one which could be separated out as a causal agent? Could Wisconsin be assigned a standard weight in a model of our decision process? Absolutely not. Whats happening here is a fundamental confusion between our admissions process and the results of that process. When we say that the admit rate for students with a 750-800 was 15%, it does not mean that the chances of a given applicant who scores between 750-800 if 15%. It means that those students whom we chose to admit included 15% of those who scored within the 750-800 range. Its a subtle distinction, but an important one in understanding the agency of admissions. Think of it as the difference between a living thing and its fossil. A fossil isnt the plant or animal itself: its the mineral imprint of the stuff thats left behind. Or think of it like a shadow. A shadow is not the thing which casts a shadow. Its the contours of where the light isnt. Thats how our admissions data work. It shows you where the decision wasnt. It shows you the shape of our decisions, not the basis on which they were made. Admissions data are an accretion of the the sediment which dropped to the bottom of the decisions delta, and not the moving river where the actual action happened. But Jurassic Park was a work of fiction, and just like you cant reanimate a velociraptor from its fossil, you cant understand the life of an applicant from the shadow of their data. This is why I hate chance threads so much. When an applicant says I have X SAT score and Y GPA, what are my chances to get into MIT its not a question I or anyone else can answer. Because, within certain bounds of sufficient academic preparation, the decision isnt made on these easily extracted and quantified points of data. The decision is about everything else. The response to this, of course, is well, so release the data on everything else! To which I ask: how? How can we meaningfully quantify how much a teacher supports a student? How can we meaningfully quantify that particularly poignant essay which shows a students resolve, or that particularly funny essay that makes us love their personality? Even if we did construct, ex nihilo, categorical cubbies to shove these interactions and experiences into, isnt that the same subjectivity wearing an objective mask? I dont think that Rate this applicants leadership from 1 to 5 is a particularly objective exercise just because we slapped a number in it. Trying to convert inherently subjective interpretations to objective quantities is like wearing fashionable glasses of an incorrect prescription: it may look hip, but all it ultimately does is cloud your vision. I understand that for the initial commentor and others this may be an unsatisfying explanation. MIT is a community which loves data, where people believe data can do anything, and where any explanation which undercuts the utility of data seems suspiciously unscientific. But Clay Shirky once gave a talk about how memes jokes, YouTube videos, lolcats, whatever spread through the Internet, and he said something to the effect that the physics of memes were more like the physics of weather than the physics of a falling object. We understand how things fall pretty well, and we can be pretty accurate in our understanding of when and where and how fast it will drop. But even though we have reams and reams of data about the weather, because of its utter complexity the best way to characterize what will happen the next day is often no better than partially cloudy with a chance of rain. Well, the physics of holistic admissions are akin to Shirkys idea of social weather. Based on easily apprehendable information, you might know roughly what the temperature (of an applicant) will be, and hazard a guess as to whether it will rain. But until all of the ingredients mix together in our admissions committees, like a storm forming over the gulf, you dont know upon whom a ray of sun will break through the clouds until it actually, finally happens.

Cyber Incident Response Plan For Cyber Attack - 1136 Words

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Competence in Counseling Essay - 1574 Words

Running head: Counseling A Comprehensive Profession Aspects Of Counseling Tearia Hill William Carey University Aspects of Counseling Abstract Counseling is the professional guidance in resolving personal conflicts and emotional problems. It is advice, opinion, or instruction given in direction the judgment or conduct of another. Knowing how to posses personal qualities such as maturity, empathy, warmth, understanding, and knowledge. From a legal stand point ethics, morality, and law must be strongly conformed. It is accurate decision-making, knowing appropriate words to use, and knowledge of the governing standards that is required. Also knowing accurate information about culture and ethnicity of the present society. Aspects†¦show more content†¦A good organizational personality trait of a counselor is their willingness to promote efficient case management techniques. Aspects of Counseling As an effective counselor one of the main qualities needed is patience. Go to the next step of explanation only when the patient has clearly understood the content of the information you have provided. Therefore the counselor needs to have enough sufficient time for the patient, and should also be a good listener. Let the patient express everything he/she has to say, and give your inputs once when the patient has finished talking. A counselor should be very observant and able to interpret non-verbal communication for example if the patient looks angry, and then find out the cause of his/her anger first. An effective counselor should provide non-possessive warmth in a counseling environment. Smile and show concern and acceptance by showing comfort, empathy, and understanding to the patient. Counselors should have good knowledge on the topic /problem like compliance to medication. Some people do not take medication for the same reasons, while others demand medication. Understanding the factors why people may not do certain activities at specific time will help you to assist them better. Try to understand the feelings the patient is having in the counseling process. In other words put yourself in his/her position. Give the patient the opportunity to makeShow MoreRelatedCultural Competence in Counseling1866 Words   |  8 PagesCultural competence and ethical responsibility of counselors is an issue that holds increasing importance. To be both multicultural and ethical is increasingly challenging. The population of the United States is changing quickly from a predominately white Caucasian society to an ethnically diverse society`. The Hispanic population, which represented only 9% of the population in 1990, is projected to increase to about 25% of the population by 2050 . The number of African Americans, Asian Americans/PacificRead MoreDeveloping Multicultural Counseling Competence : A Systems Approach1243 Words   |  5 Pagesconsidering concomitant issues related to classism, discuss the unique counseling challenges associated with each group. Support your assertions. Submit your thread by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Thursday of Module/Week 2. Submit your replies by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Sunday of Module/Week 2. Hays, D. G., Erford, B. T. (2014). Developing multicultural counseling competence: A systems approach (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Pearson. In counseling there are many factors to consider. The United States is one of theRead MoreThe Education Commission (1964-66), While Lamenting On1430 Words   |  6 Pagesand counseling including vocational placement, among student services. 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Asperger Syndrome 3 Free Essays

Asperger syndrome is an autism spectrum disorder and is considered a high functioning form of Autism. Autism spectrum disorders are also known as pervasive developmental disorders and can affect social skills and communication. Asperger syndrome can also delay the development of motor skills and cause sensory problems. We will write a custom essay sample on Asperger Syndrome 3 or any similar topic only for you Order Now While there is no cure for Asperger syndrome, there are treatments to help teach the skills affected by Asperger to patients to help them cope with the disorder. Research is currently being conducted to find the causes of Asperger syndrome and other effective treatment methods. The symptoms of Asperger syndrome are caused by delays in several areas of development such as social skills, communication skills, motor skills, and language skills. Patients with Asperger syndrome can become over-focused on a single topic or object and will want to know everything about the topic and will talk very little about anything else. Their areas of interest may be extremely narrow and they will often rattle off facts about their topic of interest with no conclusion or connection to conversation (Asperger Syndrome-PubMed Health). Asperger patients also exhibit social awkwardness and have trouble forming relationships. Eye contact, use of facial expressions, and body language are impaired in patients and can inhibit regulation of social interaction. Patients may also lack emotional empathy and the ability to recognize social cues (OASIS @ MAAP – What Is Asperger Syndrome? . Speech may have a lack of rhythm, odd inflection, or a monotone pitch in patients with Asperger syndrome. They may also lack the control to match the volume of their voice to their surroundings (Asperger Syndrome Fact Sheet). Asperger syndrome patients may show delays in motor development and exhibit unusual physical behaviors such as repetitive arm flapping, twisting, or other whole body movements (Asperger Syndrome – PubMed Healt h). Asperger syndrome is very difficult to diagnose. People with Asperger syndrome often function very well in everyday life, so the signs and symptoms exhibited are often just recognized as â€Å"quirks† or a way of just being different. If a child exhibits any symptoms of Asperger syndrome, it is extremely important to seek the help of a doctor and they will refer you to a mental health professional or a specialist for further evaluation. A â€Å"psychological exam† will be performed to compile a history of when the symptoms first apeared, the development of motor skills and language patterns, and other aspects of behavior and ersonality. The earlier an evaluation is conducted, the sooner treatments can be started to improve a child’s development with Asperger syndrome (Asperger Syndrome). Asperger syndrome has no cure, but with treatments and medications, many children with Asperger syndrome grow into well-developed, productive adults. The majority of diagnosed children benefit from specialized treatments that f ocus on social skills training and behavior management. Some of these treatments include communication and social skills training and cognitive behavioral therapy. There are no medications that specifically treat Asperger syndrome, but there are some medications that can help improve symptoms such as anxiety, depression, and hyperactivity including Aripiprazole, Guanfacine, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, Risperidone, Olanzapine, and Naltrexone (Staff, Mayo Clinic). Parent training is also helpful in continuing treatment at home and teaches parents techniques to be used at home to better their child’s development (Asperger Syndrome – PubMed Health). Research is currently being conducted to understand the causes of Asperger syndrome and to find more effective treatments. A study is currently being conducted using functional magnetic resonance imaging to show how abnormalities in particular areas of the brain can cause the symptoms of Asperger syndrome and autism spectrum disorders. There is also a large-scale study comparing neuropsychological and psychiatric assessments of children with possible diagnoses of Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism to those of their parents and sibling to try to identify any patterns of symptoms that link Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism to any specific neuropsychological profiles. A long-rang international study conducted by a collection of scientists from universities, academic centers, and institutions from around the world to collect and analyze DNA sample from children with Asperger syndrome and high-function autism, along with their families, to identify associated genes and how they interact. This study is better known as the Autism Genome Project and functions as a repository for genetic data so that researchers can try to find the genetic â€Å"building blocks† of Asperger syndrome an autism spectrum disorders (Asperger Syndrome Fact Sheet). Asperger syndrome is a high-functioning form of autism and is considered an autism spectrum disorder. It delays the development of many areas such as communication and social skills. Even though there is no cure for Asperger syndrome, with the right treatments and medications, most children with a diagnosis of Asperger syndrome and their families learn to cope with the symptoms of this disorder. Many adults with Asperger syndrome can develop to be happy, well-functioning, and productive adults with successful mainstream jobs and lead fulfilling independent lives with the right kind of treatment plans and support available to them. Works Cited â€Å"Asperger Syndrome – PubMed Health. † Web. 16 Oct. 2011. . â€Å"Asperger Syndrome Fact Sheet. † National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). Web. 16 Oct. 2011. . â€Å"Asperger Syndrome. † KidsHealth – the Web’s Most Visited Site about Children’s Health. Web. 16 Oct. 2011. . â€Å"OASIS @ MAAP – What Is Asperger Syndrome? † OASIS @ MAAP – The Online Asperger Syndrome Information and Support Center. Web. 16 Oct. 2011. . Staff, Mayo Clinic. â€Å"Asperger’s Syndrome – MayoClinic. com. † Mayo Clinic. Web. 16 Oct. 2011. . How to cite Asperger Syndrome 3, Papers

Le Bon and Freud Essay Example

Le Bon and Freud Essay Le Bon was of the opinion that when people joined large, relatively unstructured social groups, they sometimes engaged in spontaneous and atypical collective behaviour. Le Bon suggests that crowds are ruled by a collective mind, and that contagion causes crowd members to experience similar thoughts and emotions. Freud, on the other hand, argues that individuals, by joining crowds, can satisfy some basic needs for membership, hostility, and so on. Both of these theories are still popular today but lacking empirical evidence we strive to find more tangible theories that can be tested. Several theories have been developed since these accounts such as de-individuation, emergent norm theory and social identity theory and this essay will look at these theories and try to assess whether or not they are better than Le Bon and Freuds theories which lack any scientific basis. Le Bon, the author of The Crowd was writing during a time of incipient social progress when the masses were wreaking havoc across France. Being a member of the bourgeoisie this situation worried Le Bon and he wanted to cure the disorders brought about by the masses. He found the answer in psychology and the discovery of a crowd soul. Le Bon, in his work, rejected all three of the popular views of the time that the crowd was mad, criminal or antisocial and mainly inhabited by the people at the lower end of the social spectrum for the idea that a man, irrelevant of his social standing, once in a group would lose his personal characteristics and the personalities in the group would fuse together. We will write a custom essay sample on Le Bon and Freud specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Le Bon and Freud specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Le Bon and Freud specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The characteristics of the crowd are savagery, primitive and uncivilised because the individual is no longer acting consciously but unconsciously as the people are a collective mass. He described the collective state as being similar to that of a hypnotic state, an idea later harnessed by Freud. To merge into the collective state Le Bon cites the physical presence of the crowd as crucial and has developed from this his Law of the mental unity of crowds. The physical presence of others delivers anonymity giving the individual invincible power and takes away the persons sense of responsibility. His second idea is that, like a virus or bacteria, ideas, feelings and emotions spread rapidly throughout a crowd and individuals are quickly infected with the disease, this is the theory of contagion. Thirdly, theres the concept of suggestibility and happens when the crowd is in the collective state. This is open to exploitation when the person has lost his conscious personality and is open to all the suggestion that the crowd suggests. These three phenomenon release our animal nature and free us from social and moral constraints, what Le Bon calls latent processes. This perceived loss of self has developed into what later thinkers have called de-individuation. Le Bon sees the collective behaviour as primitive and devoid of reason or culture and links it to acting at the level of racial unconscious. Other psychologists have on the other hand proposed the idea that the collective mind is not necessarily as negative as Le Bon portrays believing the crowd to be capable of great acts of altruism and unselfishness. Many of the earlier social psychologists have coined similar ideas to Le Bon. Tarde for example sees physical closeness as crucial as social life of individual is based on imitation, similar to Le Bons anonymity idea. The close proximity of the crowd is therefore the most extreme example of this imitation behaviour. Mc Dougal takes the view that similarity between group members, predominantly constitutional and racial will determine how fast ideas spread through crowds, a theory of contagion. Trotter believed that humans behaved similarly to animals in that they were very open to the opinion of the leader. Freud, whose theory on crowds initiated from Le Bons places great emphasis on the role of the leader. Also writing during a time of political and social turbulence, Freud was hoping to understand the causes of the very real problems of the day namely anti-Semitic feeling and a tendency to follow demagogues who, to Freud, were obviously untrustworthy. Freud felt that suggestibility was still crucial and that it is an irreducible, primitive phenomenon. Freud, similarly to Le Bon, believed that psychic factors are crucial. The unconscious becomes unlocked and members of the crowd become bound by their love for the leader. The leader is usually a charismatic individual who may be perceived as a father figure. The Freudian model of the psyche, the id, ego and superego (sub-conscious, conscious and super-conscious) are all at play in the crowd situation. The superego, which represents moral and civilised aspects of the psyche, is renounced to the leader. This leaves the Id to dominate the mind resulting in primitive and uncivilised behaviour. The leader will provide a group ideal and the crowd will inevitably follow. Freud likens this leadership control to that of a hypnotist. The adoption of the new ideals causes the self to change dramatically and it shifts from individual self to a group self where all members can identify with each other. It would seem, having looked at the theories of Le Bon and Freud that they are very comprehensive nevertheless there are many criticisms that have been made of both of their theories. The most important criticism of both Freud and Le Bon is that they lack empirical evidence to support their proposals. Due to the nature of the theories we are unable to verify them, as access to the unconscious is impossible. Both men also describe the behaviour of the crowd as primitive but neither considers the often-unselfish nature of the crowd, a definite positive aspect. Le Bon has been criticised for cementing together ideas of other theories such as contagion and can be vague and of mediocre quality. A further criticism would be his biased interpretation of crowds. Le Bon sees the crowd as a force for social evil and incorporates his fascist ideology into his work. It is also evident that the social context in which he is writing also affects his objectivity and he talks of the revolution in a crude way. There are many aspects of Freuds work that are also vague. For instance, Freud sees the leader as fundamental to the changing of the individuals psyche to that of the group self but this theory is problematic insofar as not all crowds have leaders. Another loophole is that many people demonstrate the characteristics that Freud describes for being susceptible to crowds but do not, in practice, succumb to the crowd. From the basis of both Freud and Le Bon there have been many psychologists who have attempted to rectify the problems cited above and in doing so have developed theories of their own. The most obvious of these is the theory of de-individuation which has developed from Le Bon blueprint of anonymity. De-individuation means the loss of personal identity and many studies have been carried which support the theory. De-individuation differs from Le Bons theory in the way that the indiviaual isnt seen as losing the mind to the collective but that the loss of individuality leads to a total loss of control. This loss of control culminates in the release of the individual from internal moral restraints and generates behaviour that is impulsive, irrational, emotional, regressive and intense. Research by Festinger, Pepitone andNewcomb (1952) made small groups of subjects discusses their feelings towards their parents. They found that the less individual subjects viewed themselves and each other the more rash and daring were their contributions to the conversation. Singer, Brush and Lublin (1965) conducted a study where subjects had to talk about erotic literature. They found that those wearing lab coats and thus seen as non-identifiable used more obscene language than the more identifiable subjects. Both of these studies demonstrate that people, when de-individuated will behave differently and Singer attributed theses finding to reduced feelings of self-consciousness and distinctiveness. Le Bon (1985) went on to say that people would behave in more extreme ways in crowds because they lose their sense of identity. Zimbardo believes that the crowd provides a cloak of anonymity and diffuses personal responsibility for the consequences of an individuals actions. He details two types of behaviour, individuated, when behaviour is rational, controlled and consistent with personal norms and de-individuated behaviour, which acts on primitive impulses, is anti social, unrestrained. He believes that this behaviour is caused by being a member of a crowd or when wearing a uniform as loss of individual identity and a reduced concern for social evaluation. Zimbardo (1969) has carried out several experiments on de-individuation and anonymity. One experiment showed that de-individuated people (in this case they were dressed in lab coats and hoods) had a stronger tendency towards aggressive behaviour (e. . total duration of shocking was twice as much for the de-individuated group compared to the identifiable condition). Another experiment that Diener (1976) made in the same area was on a group of Belgian soldiers. However, the result was the reverse- the soldiers had a shorter shocking time than the normal people did. It has been said that this is due to the fact that the soldiers were already de-individuated before the test as they are already members of a group, the army. When they put on a lab coat and a hood (and away from their fellow soldiers) they suddenly became more self-aware than they were before. Diener believed that dressing up in these silly costumes might have made them more self-conscious rather then less. He sees the key to de-individuation as losing self-awareness. Further research observed more than a thousand children on Halloween. They found that those whod given their names to the householder or who wore costumes that didnt allow anonymity were less likely to steal sweets from the bowl when briefly left alone. Diener was concerned with how de-individuation came about. Anonymity doesnt directly lead to it because, as Hogg demonstrates, a bank robber is anonymous but yet very conspicuous. This conspicuousness is found more often in small groups or when there are many observers. Instead, Diener focused, as mentioned above, on self-awareness whereas previously focus of studies was on anonymity in the group and this was seen as the most important factor to de-individuation. Self-awareness means a person is the object of ones own attention particularly private self awareness which is reduced awareness of ones private thoughts and feelings. This attention on the self, to things such as ones attitudes and norms, increases the capability for self-regulation. Nonetheless Classical and contemporary views agree on the main thrust of the de-individuation hypothesis being that he psychological state of de-individuation brings about anti-normative and dis-inhibited behaviour. As with most theories de-individuation is also open to criticism. Despite considerable research and development of ideas, it is too simplistic. Many of the studies, which it uses to prop itself-up are lab-based. More naturalistic studies are needed to increase the ecological validity of the theory. The theory can also be criticised for ignoring coherence of crowd behaviour as crowds frequently behave in the same manner. At football matches, for example, component people are not the same yet the behaviour demonstrated is always very similar. Another theory that has developed, In contrast to Le Bons contagion theory, is the convergence theory. As demonstrated, Le Bon thought that crowds were run by a collective mind and the individual thoughts changed radically. According to the convergence theory, the people who join a group often have similar needs and personal characteristics as the group. Instead of changing the self into the group collective the individual is, essentially, already what the group is. A further modern, contradictory theory to that of Le Bons s Tuner and Killians (1972) emergent norm theory. Contrary to Le Bon, who believes an individual loses himself in the crowd, becoming mindless, in emergent norm theory the crowd is another type of a group and the behaviour demonstrated by the crowd is a type of group behaviour, just more extreme. The idea is that group processes creates order and purpose amongst the crowd and norms spread quickly and are adopted by all crowd members but, contrary to contagion theory, the differences are illustrated between individual and group behaviour by looking at the different norms. New norms emerge in collective situations through the observation of the distinctive action of group leaders. Behaviour of the crowd comes from the social norms of a crowd. People are motivated by a desire for social reinforcement and approval, and are scared of being rejected or as being perceived as an outsider. The norm must be specific to the situation to some degree-hence emergent norm. (Turner) A major criticism of this theory is presented by Deiner (1980) is that a crowd that acts normally would have to be self aware but being in a group, as his personal research demonstrates, reduces self awareness, rendering the whole theory void. The theory, as Reicher points out, also fails, similar to de-individu ation theory, there is no account as to why crowd action is unified and doesnt dissolve into sub-groups. Reicher developed his own theory, social identity theory; whereby individuals take on the social identity of the crowd and conform to the normative behaviour of that crowd via referent informational influence. This theory does not remove responsibility of an individuals behaviour in a crowd situation, rather shows that the control of the crowd lies with the individual as they have identified with the crowd norms and taken them on as their own, and consequently their consent in their social identity as a crowd member. There are three key ideas that are central to the theory, categorisation, identification and comparison. Categorisation is the tendency by humans to categorise things, including people, as a means to understanding the world. These categories can be things such as religion, race, occupation and by doing this we can identify with who we are like and find things out about ourselves. What behaviour is appropriate is then defined by reference to the groups we belong to. If someone belongs to a group that we dont belong then we will never identify with them. The second idea of identification has two meanings. Firstly that we identify ourselves as being in an individual or as being a group member and which way we classify our self depends on the situation that we are in. When we consider our self to be a group member we call this social identity. When thinking of our self as a unique individual this is referred to as personal identity. Group membership is not something foreign, which is tacked onto the person; it is a real and vital part of the person. The groups that you identify with are in-groups and those you dont identify with are out groups. The other meaning implied by the concept of identity is the idea that we are the same or identical to the other people. This doesnt mean literally but for identification purposes those who are members of the same groups as us are the same/similar E. g. during a war the enemy are all the same and treated the same way and deemed deserving of death. The third idea in social identity theory is the idea of comparison. This is when we evaluate ourselves in relation to others. By looking to others groups we can higher our self-esteem, which in turn leads to a positive image of the self, which is essential to healthy functioning. By identifying ourselves as being in a group we then learn the norms of that group and can find out what the limits of the group are. In order to test his theory, Reicher conducted some experiments to test how attitudes change when social identity is prevalent. One of his investigations found that social science students were more antivivisection and science students more pro-vivisection when they were divided in their respective subject groups than when they were mixed together. He found that personal identity is replaced in a group situation by social identity. Reicher also analysed data from the St. Pauls riots which occurred in Bristol and found that people identified with one another and because of this they adhered to the norms of the group because they were adopted as their own. In conclusion, it seems that older theories such as Le Bon and Freud are relevant today as they provide a strong theoretical basis from which we can develop our own theories of the crowd. However, the very theoretical nature of them is what makes the more recent theories much viable and realistic as both Freud and Le Bon use concepts that we will never be able to verify such as the unconscious mind. In contrast, more recent studies are supported with empirical evidence that can lead to only one conclusion, they are better theories. The nature of crowds however, means that future research will be difficult to undertake, as studies cannot be recreated in the lab due to the sheer volume of people needed.